tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82834160720150364942024-03-14T10:02:11.012-07:00ann8110 blogspotann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-7508674380309741892010-07-17T21:54:00.001-07:002010-07-17T21:55:21.554-07:00<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 24px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Golgi apparatus</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; width: 1071px; line-height: 1.5em; "><h3 id="siteSub" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 12px; display: inline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "> (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golgi_bodies&redirect=no" title="Golgi bodies" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Golgi bodies</a>)</div><div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">This article is about the organelle. For the Phish song, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_(album)" title="Junta (album)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Junta (album)</a>.</div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-move" style="font-size: 13px; color: black; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 107px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 107px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 10px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(153, 50, 204); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; text-align: center; "><div style="width: 52px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img alt="Mergefrom.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" width="50" height="20" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; width: 770px; ">It has been suggested that <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna" title="Cisterna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; ">Cisterna</a></i> be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; ">merged</a> into this article or section. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Golgi_apparatus#Merger_proposal" title="Talk:Golgi apparatus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; ">Discuss</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 317px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_leukocyte,_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Human_leukocyte%2C_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg/315px-Human_leukocyte%2C_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg" width="315" height="236" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_leukocyte,_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Micrograph of Golgi apparatus, visible as a stack of semicircular black rings near the bottom. Numerous circular vesicles can be seen in proximity to the organelle</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 317px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg/315px-Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg.png" width="315" height="362" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Diagram of secretory process from endoplasmic reticulum (orange) to Golgi apparatus (pink). 1. Nuclear membrane; 2. Nuclear pore; 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER); 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER); 5. Ribosome attached to rER; 6. Macromolecules; 7. Transport vesicles; 8. Golgi apparatus; 9.<i>Cis</i> face of Golgi apparatus; 10. <i>Trans</i> face of Golgi apparatus; 11. Cisternae of lipids</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The <b>Golgi apparatus</b> (also <b>Golgi body</b> or <b>Golgi Complex</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">organelle</a> found in most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic" title="Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">eukaryotic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">cells</a>. It was identified in 1898 by the Italian physician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Camillo Golgi</a> and was named after him.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">macromolecules</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">proteins</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">lipids</a>, after their synthesis and before they make their way to their destination; it is particularly important in the processing of proteins for<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">secretion</a>. The Golgi apparatus forms a part of the cellular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_system" title="Endomembrane system" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">endomembrane system</a>.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" style="font-size: 12px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px; ">[<a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#Structure" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Structure</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#Function" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Function</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#Vesicular_transport" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Vesicular transport</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#Transport_mechanism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Transport mechanism</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#Golgi_apparatus_in_popular_culture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Golgi apparatus in popular culture</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golgi_apparatus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Structure">Structure</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Golgi is composed of stacks of membrane-bound structures known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternae" title="Cisternae" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">cisternae</a> (singular: <i>cisterna</i>). An individual stack is sometimes called a dictyosome (from Greek dictyon, net + soma, body)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>, especially in plant cells.<sup id="cite_ref-wolfe_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-wolfe-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> A mammalian cell typically contains 40 to 100 stacks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Between four and eight cisternae are usually present in a stack; however, in some<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">protists</a> as many as sixty have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-molexpress_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-molexpress-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Each cisterna comprises a flattened membrane disk, and carries Golgi enzymes to help or to modify cargo proteins that travel through them. They are found in both plant and animal cells.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The cisternae stack has four functional regions: the cis-Golgi network, medial-Golgi, endo-Golgi, and trans-Golgi network. Vesicles from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">endoplasmic reticulum</a> (via the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular-tubular_clusters" title="Vesicular-tubular clusters" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">vesicular-tubular clusters</a>) fuse with the network and subsequently progress through the stack to the trans Golgi network, where they are packaged and sent to the required destination. Each region contains different enzymes which selectively modify the contents depending on where they reside.<sup id="cite_ref-lodish_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-lodish-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The cisternae also carry structural proteins important for their maintenance as flattened membranes which stack upon each other.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The trans face of the trans-Golgi network is the face from which vesicles leave the Golgi. These vesicles then proceed to later compartments such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">cell membrane</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_vesicles" title="Secretory vesicles" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">secretory vesicles</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome" title="Endosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">late endosomes</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">New cisternae form at the cis-Golgi network. The cis- and trans-Golgi networks are thought to be specialised cisternae leading in and out of the Golgi apparatus.</p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golgi_apparatus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Function">Function</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Cells synthesize a large number of different macromolecules. The Golgi apparatus is integral in modifying, sorting, and packaging these macromolecules for cell secretion (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocytosis" title="Exocytosis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">exocytosis</a>) or use within the cell. It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Rough endoplasmic reticulum" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">rough endoplasmic reticulum</a> but is also involved in the transport of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">lipids</a> around the cell, and the creation of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">lysosomes</a>. In this respect it can be thought of as similar to a post office; it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Enzymes within the cisternae are able to modify substances by the addition of carbohydrates (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">glycosylation</a>) and phosphates (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">phosphorylation</a>). In order to do so, the Golgi imports substances such as nucleotide sugars from the cytosol. These modifications may also form a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targeting" title="Protein targeting" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">signal sequence</a> which determines their final destination. For example, the Golgi apparatus adds a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">mannose-6-phosphate</a> label to proteins destined for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">lysosomes</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Golgi plays an important role in the synthesis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycans" title="Proteoglycans" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">proteoglycans</a>, which are molecules present in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">extracellular matrix</a> of animals. It is also a major site of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">carbohydrate</a> synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-alberts_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-alberts-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>This includes the productions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">glycosaminoglycans</a> (GAGs), long unbranched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">polysaccharides</a> which the Golgi then attaches to a protein synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum to form <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">proteoglycans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Enzymes in the Golgi <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerize" title="Polymerize" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">polymerize</a> several of these GAGs via a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">xylose</a> link onto the core protein. Another task of the Golgi involves the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfation" title="Sulfation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">sulfation</a> of certain molecules passing through its lumen via sulphotranferases that gain their sulphur molecule from a donor called PAPs. This process occurs on the GAGs of proteoglycans as well as on the core protein. The level of sulfation is very important to the proteoglycans' signalling abilities as well as giving the proteoglycan its overall negative charge.<sup id="cite_ref-alberts_6-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-alberts-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The phosphorylation of molecules requires that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ATP</a> is imported into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">lumen</a> of the Golgi<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> and then utilised by resident <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase" title="Kinase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">kinases</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein_kinase_1" title="Casein kinase 1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">casein kinase 1</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein_kinase_2" title="Casein kinase 2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">casein kinase 2</a>. One molecule that is phosphorylated in the Golgi is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein" title="Apolipoprotein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Apolipoprotein</a>, which forms a molecule known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLDL" title="VLDL" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">VLDL</a> that is a constitute of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_serum" title="Blood serum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">blood serum</a>. It is thought that the phosphorylation of these molecules is important to help aid in their sorting for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">secretion</a> into the blood serum.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Golgi has a putative role in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">apoptosis</a>, with several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2" title="Bcl-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bcl-2</a> family members localised there, as well as to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria" title="Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">mitochondria</a>. A newly characterized protein, GAAP (Golgi anti-apoptotic protein), almost exclusively resides in the Golgi and protects cells from apoptosis by an as-yet undefined mechanism (Gubser et al., 2007).</p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golgi_apparatus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vesicular transport" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Vesicular_transport">Vesicular transport</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The vesicles that leave the rough endoplasmic reticulum are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPP_complex" title="TRAPP complex" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">transported</a> to the <i>cis</i> face of the Golgi apparatus, where they fuse with the Golgi membrane and empty their contents into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">lumen</a>. Once inside they are modified, sorted and shipped towards their final destination. As such, the Golgi apparatus tends to be more prominent and numerous in cells synthesising and secreting many substances: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_B_cell" title="Plasma B cell" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">plasma B cells</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">antibody</a>-secreting cells of the immune system, have prominent Golgi complexes.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Those proteins destined for areas of the cell other than either the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">endoplasmic reticulum</a> or Golgi apparatus are moved towards the <i>trans</i> face, to a complex network of membranes and associated vesicles known as the <i>trans-Golgi network</i> (TGN).<sup id="cite_ref-lodish_5-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-lodish-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> This area of the Golgi is the point at which proteins are sorted and shipped to their intended destinations by their placement into one of at least three different types of vesicles, depending upon the molecular marker they carry:<sup id="cite_ref-lodish_5-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-lodish-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p><table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 13px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td width="140" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b>Type</b></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b>Description</b></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b>Example</b></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b>Exocytotic vesicles</b><i>(continuous)</i></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">Vesicle contains proteins destined for extracellular release. After packaging the vesicles bud off and immediately move towards the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane" title="Plasma membrane" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">plasma membrane</a>, where they fuse and release the contents into the extracellular space in a process known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathway" title="Secretory pathway" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">constitutive secretion</a><i>.</i></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Antibody</a> release by activated<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_B_cell" title="Plasma B cell" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">plasma B cells</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b>Secretory vesicles</b><i>(regulated)</i></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">Vesicle contains proteins destined for extracellular release. After packaging the vesicles bud off and are stored in the cell until a signal is given for their release. When the appropriate signal is received they move towards the membrane and fuse to release their contents. This process is known as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathway" title="Secretory pathway" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">regulated secretion</a></i>.</td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Neurotransmitter</a>release from<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">neurons</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b>Lysosomal vesicles</b></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">Vesicle contains proteins destined for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">lysosome</a>, an organelle of degradation containing many acid <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hydrolases</a>, or to lysosome-like storage organelles. These proteins include both digestive enzymes and membrane proteins. The vesicle first fuses with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome" title="Endosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">late endosome</a>, and the contents are then transferred to the lysosome via unknown mechanisms.</td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">Digestive<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease" title="Protease" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">proteases</a>destined for the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">lysosome</a></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golgi_apparatus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transport mechanism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport_mechanism">Transport mechanism</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPP_complex" title="TRAPP complex" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">transport mechanism</a> which proteins use to progress through the Golgi apparatus is not yet clear; however a number of hypotheses currently exist. Until recently, the vesicular transport mechanism was favoured but now more evidence is coming to light to support cisternal maturation. The two proposed models may actually work in conjunction with each other, rather than being mutually exclusive. This is sometimes referred to as the <i>combined</i> model.<sup id="cite_ref-alberts_6-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-alberts-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i><b>Cisternal maturation model</b></i>: the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus move by being built at the <i>cis</i> face and destroyed at the <i>trans</i> face. Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse with each other to form a cisterna at the <i>cis</i> face, consequently this cisterna would appear to move through the Golgi stack when a new cisterna is formed at the <i>cis</i> face. This model is supported by the fact that structures larger than the transport vesicles, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">collagen</a> rods, were observed microscopically to progress through the Golgi apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-alberts_6-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-alberts-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> This was initially a popular hypothesis, but lost favour in the 1980s. Recently it has made a comeback, as laboratories at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">University of Chicago</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">University of Tokyo</a> have been able to use new technology to directly observe Golgi compartments maturing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Additional evidence comes from the fact that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPI" title="COPI" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">COPI</a> vesicles move in the retrograde direction, transporting Endoplasmic Reticulum proteins back to where they belong by recognizing a signal peptide.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i><b>Vesicular transport model</b></i>: Vesicular transport views the Golgi as a very stable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">organelle</a>, divided into compartments in the cis to trans direction. Membrane bound carriers transport material between the ER and the different compartments of the Golgi.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Experimental evidence includes the abundance of small vesicles (known technically as shuttle vesicles) in proximity to the Golgi apparatus. To direct the vesicles, actin filaments connect packaging proteins to the membrane to ensure that they fuse with the correct compartment.<sup id="cite_ref-alberts_6-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_note-alberts-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golgi_apparatus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Golgi apparatus in popular culture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Golgi_apparatus_in_popular_culture">Golgi apparatus in popular culture</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">"Golgi Apparatus" is the title of a song by the band <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish" title="Phish" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Phish</a> in their album <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_(album)" title="Junta (album)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Junta</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Marshall_(singer)" title="Tom Marshall (singer)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Tom Marshall</a> and guitarist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Anastasio" title="Trey Anastasio" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Trey Anastasio</a> wrote this with some friends during grade school and later reworked it as a Phish song.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2010" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golgi_apparatus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.ii.bham.ac.uk/clinicalimmunology/CISimagelibrary/Cytoplasmic.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Golgi antibody</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://cellimages.ascb.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p4041coll12&CISOPTR=549&CISOBOX=1&REC=2" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">The Golgi Apparatus</a> ASCB Image & Video Library</li></ul><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golgi_apparatus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="references-small" style="font-size: 12px; "><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.rkm.com.au/CELL/organelles/golgi.html" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">[1]</a></li><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; "><a href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dictyosome" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">"Definition of dictyosome at dictionary.com"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Definition+of+dictyosome+at+dictionary.com&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdictyosome&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Golgi_apparatus"></span></li><li id="cite_note-wolfe-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-wolfe_2-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Wolfe (1993). <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. Wadsworth. p. 828. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-12408-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-12408-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">0-534-12408-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+and+Cellular+Biology&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.au=Wolfe&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B828&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.isbn=0-534-12408-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Golgi_apparatus"></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Duran J, Kinseth M (2008 June). <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2397314/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">"The Role of GRASP55 in Golgi Fragmentation and Entry of Cells into Mitosis"</a>. <i>Mol Biol Cell.</i> <b>19</b> (6): 2579–2587. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18385516" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">18385516</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+GRASP55+in+Golgi+Fragmentation+and+Entry+of+Cells+into+Mitosis&rft.jtitle=Mol+Biol+Cell.&rft.aulast=Duran+J%2C+Kinseth+M&rft.au=Duran+J%2C+Kinseth+M&rft.date=2008+June&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2579%E2%80%932587&rft_id=info:pmid/18385516&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2397314%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Golgi_apparatus"></span></li><li id="cite_note-molexpress-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-molexpress_4-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; "><a href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">"Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: The Golgi Apparatus"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-11-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Molecular+Expressions+Cell+Biology%3A+The+Golgi+Apparatus&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicro.magnet.fsu.edu%2Fcells%2Fgolgi%2Fgolgiapparatus.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Golgi_apparatus"></span></li><li id="cite_note-lodish-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-lodish_5-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-lodish_5-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-lodish_5-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Lodish; et al. (2004). <i>Molecular Cell Biology</i> (5th edn ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. P0-7167-4366-3.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.aulast=Lodish&rft.au=Lodish&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=5th+edn&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Golgi_apparatus"></span></li><li id="cite_note-alberts-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-alberts_6-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-alberts_6-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-alberts_6-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-alberts_6-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-alberts_6-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Alberts, Bruce; <i>et al.</i>. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=cell.TOC" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i></a>. Garland Publishing.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Alberts%2C%26%2332%3BBruce&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Fcall%3Dbv.View..ShowTOC%26rid%3Dcell.TOC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Golgi_apparatus"></span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Prydz K, Dalen KT (15 January 2000). <a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10633071" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">"Synthesis and sorting of proteoglycans"</a>. <i>J. Cell. Sci.</i> <b>113 Pt 2</b> (2): 193–205. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10633071" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">10633071</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+sorting+of+proteoglycans&rft.jtitle=J.+Cell.+Sci.&rft.aulast=Prydz+K%2C+Dalen+KT&rft.au=Prydz+K%2C+Dalen+KT&rft.date=15+January+2000&rft.volume=113+Pt+2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193%E2%80%93205&rft_id=info:pmid/10633071&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcs.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10633071&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Golgi_apparatus"></span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Capasso JM, Keenan TW, Abeijon C, Hirschberg CB (March 1989). <a href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2925690" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">"Mechanism of phosphorylation in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. Translocation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate into Golgi vesicles from rat liver and mammary gland"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem.</i> <b>264</b> (9): 5233–40. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2925690" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">2925690</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+phosphorylation+in+the+lumen+of+the+Golgi+apparatus.+Translocation+of+adenosine+5%27-triphosphate+into+Golgi+vesicles+from+rat+liver+and+mammary+gland&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.aulast=Capasso+JM%2C+Keenan+TW%2C+Abeijon+C%2C+Hirschberg+CB&rft.au=Capasso+JM%2C+Keenan+TW%2C+Abeijon+C%2C+Hirschberg+CB&rft.date=March+1989&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=5233%E2%80%9340&rft_id=info:pmid/2925690&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D2925690&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Golgi_apparatus"></span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Swift LL (December 1996). <a href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8940163" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">"Role of the Golgi apparatus in the phosphorylation of apolipoprotein B"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem.</i> <b>271</b> (49): 31491–5. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">doi</a>:10.1074/jbc.271.49.31491 (inactive 2010-01-09). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8940163" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">8940163</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+Golgi+apparatus+in+the+phosphorylation+of+apolipoprotein+B&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.aulast=Swift+LL&rft.au=Swift+LL&rft.date=December+1996&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=31491%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:doi/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.49.31491&rft_id=info:pmid/8940163&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D8940163&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Golgi_apparatus"></span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Glick, B.S. and Malhotra, V. (1998). "The curious status of the Golgi apparatus". <i>Cell</i> <b>95</b> (7): 883–889. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">doi</a>:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981713-4" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81713-4</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9875843" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">9875843</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+curious+status+of+the+Golgi+apparatus&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.aulast=Glick%2C+B.S.+and+Malhotra%2C+V.&rft.au=Glick%2C+B.S.+and+Malhotra%2C+V.&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=883%E2%80%93889&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2981713-4&rft_id=info:pmid/9875843&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Golgi_apparatus"></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Pelham, H.R.B. and J.E. Rothman, The Debate about Transport in the Golgi - Two Sides of the Same Coin? Cell, 2000. 102: p. 713-719.</li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Glick, B.S., Organisation of the Golgi apparatus. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 2000. 12: p. 450-456.</li></ol></div><div class="references-small" style="font-size: 12px; "><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/golgi.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Golgi Complex: Structure and Function</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.biologyreference.com/Fo-Gr/Golgi.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Golgi Complex</a></li></ul></div><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: 1067px; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; clear: both; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; "><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable0" style="font-size: 11px; color: inherit; background-color: transparent; width: 1063px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_bodies#" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: xx-small; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organelles" title="Template:Organelles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><span title="View this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Organelles" title="Template talk:Organelles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><span title="Discuss this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Organelles&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><span title="Edit this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 12px; ">Structures of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">cell</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_system" title="Endomembrane system" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Endomembrane system</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 906px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Cell membrane</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Nucleus</a></b> (and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolus" title="Nucleolus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Nucleolus</a>) - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Endoplasmic reticulum</a></b> - <b><strong class="selflink" style="white-space: nowrap; ">Golgi apparatus</strong></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome" title="Peroxisome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Peroxisome</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthesome" title="Parenthesome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Parenthesome</a></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)" title="Vesicle (biology)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Vesicles</a></b> (<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome_(vesicle)" title="Exosome (vesicle)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Exosome</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Lysosome</a></b> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome" title="Endosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Endosome</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagosome" title="Phagosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Phagosome</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Vacuole</a>)</p><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)" title="Granule (cell biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Cytoplasmic granules</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanosome" title="Melanosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Melanosome</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbody" title="Microbody" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Microbody</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyoxysome" title="Glyoxysome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Glyoxysome</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibel-Palade_body" title="Weibel-Palade body" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Weibel-Palade body</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Endosymbionts</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 906px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Mitochondrion</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Plastids</a></b> (<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Chloroplast</a></b> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Chromoplast</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucoplast" title="Leucoplast" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Leucoplast</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Cytoskeleton</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 906px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Microfilaments</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_filament" title="Intermediate filament" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Intermediate filaments</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Microtubules</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic_cytoskeleton" title="Prokaryotic cytoskeleton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Prokaryotic cytoskeleton</a></b></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">External</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 906px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Cell wall</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undulipodium" title="Undulipodium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Undulipodium</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Cilium</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Flagellum</a>)</b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrosome" title="Acrosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Acrosome</a></b></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Other</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 906px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Cytoplasm</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ribosome</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center" title="Microtubule organizing center" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">MTOCs</a></b> (<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosome" title="Centrosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Centrosome</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriole" title="Centriole" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Centriole</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_body" title="Basal body" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Basal body</a></b> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_pole_body" title="Spindle pole body" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Spindle pole body</a>) - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(organelle)" title="Vault (organelle)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Vault</a></b> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome" title="Proteasome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Proteasome</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; "><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organelles" title="Category:Organelles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Organelles</a></span></div></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-74712519271876552532010-07-16T22:25:00.001-07:002010-07-16T22:26:07.870-07:00<div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 22px; "><div id="post-1017" class="post-1017 post type-post hentry category-genetika-dan-hereditas tag-adenine tag-antiparalel tag-asam-nukleat tag-basa-nitrogen tag-crick tag-dna tag-double-helix tag-enzim tag-fosfodiester tag-genetik tag-guanine tag-gugus-fosfat tag-gula-pentosa tag-inti-sel tag-nukleusida tag-nukleutida tag-pirimidin tag-purin tag-rna tag-single-stranded tag-sintesis-protein tag-sitosin tag-substansi-genetika tag-tangga-berpilin tag-timin tag-urasil tag-watson"><div class="post-header" style="border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); padding-bottom: 7px; "><div class="date" style="padding-top: 10px; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; ">9 NOVEMBER 2009</div></div><div class="meta clear" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><div class="tags" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-style: italic; ">tags: <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/adenine/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">adenine</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/antiparalel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">antiparalel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/asam-nukleat/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">asam nukleat</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/basa-nitrogen/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">basa nitrogen</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/crick/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Crick</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/dna/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">DNA</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/double-helix/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">double-helix</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/enzim/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">enzim</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fosfodiester/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">fosfodiester</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/genetik/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">genetik</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/guanine/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">guanine</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gugus-fosfat/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">gugus fosfat</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gula-pentosa/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">gula pentosa</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/inti-sel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">inti sel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nukleusida/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">nukleusida</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nukleutida/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">nukleutida</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pirimidin/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">pirimidin</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/purin/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">purin</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/rna/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">RNA</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/single-stranded/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">single-stranded</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sintesis-protein/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sintesis protein</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sitosin/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sitosin</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/substansi-genetika/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">substansi genetika</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tangga-berpilin/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">tangga berpilin</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/timin/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">timin</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/urasil/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">urasil</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/watson/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">watson</a></div><div class="author">oleh wbio</div></div><div class="entry clear" style="font-size: 1.3em; word-wrap: break-word; "><div class="snap_preview"><div id="attachment_1024" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; width: 231px; "><a href="http://homepage.smc.edu/HGP/history.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; "><img class="size-medium wp-image-1024" title="cell-to-DNA" src="http://wordbiology.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/cell-to-dna.jpeg?w=221&h=300" alt="DNA dan Inti Sel" width="221" height="300" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); " /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-style: italic; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">DNA dan Inti Sel (Sumber : On The Human Genome Project)</p></div><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Berbicara tentang substansi <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102); ">genetika</span></strong>, maka kita akan berbicara tentang senyawa kimia di dalam inti sel (<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102); ">nukleus</span></strong>) yang disebut <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102); ">asam nukleat</span></strong>. Asam nukleat berfungsi sebagai informasi genetik yang mengatur pemunculan sifat suatu makhluk hidup. Suatu sifat akan dimunculkan melalui pengendalian enzim-enzim atau senyawa protein lain yang disintesis oleh asam nukleat. Selain itu dengan adanya asam nukleat segala aktivitas hidup dikendalikan (proses-proses <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102); ">metabolisme</span></strong> dalam tubuh makhluk hidup yang terjadi di dalam setiap sel) melalui pengendalian <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102); ">enzim</span></strong>-enzim yang disintesis oleh asam nukleat. Fungsi pengendalian dan pengaturan<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102); ">sintesis protein</span></strong> inilah yang dijadikan dasar untuk menyebut asam nukleat sebagai substansi genetika (pembawa informasi genetik). <a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/substansi-genetika/#more-1017" class="more-link" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="width: 600px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); "><div class="comments" style="float: left; width: 200px; font-size: 1.3em; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); text-transform: uppercase; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/substansi-genetika/#comments" title="Komentar pada Substansi Genetika" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/vigilance/images/comments-bubble.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; display: block; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 25px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">2 KOMENTAR</a></div><div class="categories" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-size: 1.1em; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); ">from → <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/genetika-dan-hereditas/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Genetika dan Hereditas" rel="category tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; ">Genetika dan Hereditas</a></div></div></div><div id="post-993" class="post-993 post type-post hentry category-hewan-dan-manusia tag-afferent tag-akson tag-badan-sel tag-dendrit tag-efferent tag-gerak tag-impuls tag-inti-sel tag-konektor tag-mikrofibril tag-motorik tag-nervous tag-neurit tag-neurofibril tag-neuromuscular tag-neuron tag-nodus-ranvier tag-otak tag-polarisasi tag-rangsangan tag-reflek tag-saraf tag-saraf-autonom tag-saraf-pusat tag-saraf-somatic tag-saraf-tepi tag-schwann tag-sel-saraf tag-selaput-myelin tag-sensorik tag-sinapsis tag-sistem-saraf tag-spinal-cord tag-stimulus tag-sumsum-tulang-belakang"><div class="post-header" style="border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); padding-bottom: 7px; "><h2 style="font-size: 2.6em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.1em; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/11/01/sistem-saraf/" rel="bookmark" title="Tautan Tetap ke Sistem Saraf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); ">Sistem Saraf</a></h2><div class="date" style="padding-top: 10px; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; ">1 NOVEMBER 2009</div></div><div class="meta clear" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><div class="tags" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-style: italic; ">tags: <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/afferent/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">afferent</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/akson/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">akson</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/badan-sel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">badan sel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/dendrit/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">dendrit</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/efferent/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">efferent</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gerak/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">gerak</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/impuls/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">impuls</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/inti-sel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">inti sel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/konektor/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">konektor</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/mikrofibril/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">mikrofibril</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/motorik/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">motorik</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nervous/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">nervous</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/neurit/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">neurit</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/neurofibril/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">neurofibril</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/neuromuscular/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">neuromuscular</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/neuron/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">neuron</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nodus-ranvier/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">nodus ranvier</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/otak/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">otak</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/polarisasi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">polarisasi</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/rangsangan/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">rangsangan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/reflek/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">reflek</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/saraf/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">saraf</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/saraf-autonom/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">saraf autonom</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/saraf-pusat/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">saraf pusat</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/saraf-somatic/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">saraf somatic</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/saraf-tepi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">saraf tepi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/schwann/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">schwann</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sel-saraf/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sel saraf</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/selaput-myelin/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">selaput myelin</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sensorik/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sensorik</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sinapsis/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sinapsis</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-saraf/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sistem saraf</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/spinal-cord/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">spinal cord</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/stimulus/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">stimulus</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sumsum-tulang-belakang/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sumsum tulang belakang</a></div><div class="author">oleh wbio</div></div><div class="entry clear" style="font-size: 1.3em; word-wrap: break-word; "><div class="snap_preview"><div id="attachment_994" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; width: 237px; "><a href="http://conservatismplus.ning.com/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; "><img class="size-medium wp-image-994" title="BrainScan" src="http://wordbiology.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/brainscan.jpg?w=227&h=302" alt="Scan Otak" width="227" height="302" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); " /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-style: italic; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">Scan Otak (Sumber : conservatismplus.ning.com)</p></div><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sistem saraf (<strong><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">Nervous</span></strong> System) merupakan salah satu sistem <strong><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">organ</span></strong> yang ada di tubuh kita. layaknya sebuah sistem <strong><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">jaringan </span></strong>komunikasi, sel-sel saraf di setiap bagian dari tubuh memainkan peran dalam proses menanggapi <strong><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">rangsangan</span></strong> dan pengendalian <span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); "><strong>otot</strong></span>-otot kita. Sistem saraf dibina lebih dari 80 jaringan saraf utama. Setiap jaringan saraf tersusun atas 1 juta<strong><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">neuron</span></strong>, yaitu unit fungsional sistem saraf (sel-sel saraf).</p><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Neuron atau sel saraf memiliki bagian-bagian sel yang berbeda dengan tipe sel lainnya. Berikut bagian-bagian sel saraf beserta fungsinya dalam menghantarkan<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); "><strong>impuls </strong></span>(rangsangan) sebagai unit fungsional sistem saraf. <a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/11/01/sistem-saraf/#more-993" class="more-link" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="width: 600px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); "><div class="comments" style="float: left; width: 200px; font-size: 1.3em; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); text-transform: uppercase; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/11/01/sistem-saraf/#comments" title="Komentar pada Sistem Saraf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/vigilance/images/comments-bubble.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; display: block; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 25px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">4 KOMENTAR</a></div><div class="categories" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-size: 1.1em; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); ">from → <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/hewan-dan-manusia/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Hewan dan Manusia" rel="category tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; ">Hewan dan Manusia</a></div></div></div><div id="post-916" class="post-916 post type-post hentry category-hewan-dan-manusia tag-animasi tag-ginjal tag-homeostasis tag-vakuola-kontraktil tag-sel-api tag-nephridia tag-bulu-malpighi tag-paramaecium tag-planaria tag-annelida tag-insekta tag-sistem-ekskresi tag-secretory tag-sisa-metabolisme tag-osmoregulasi tag-protista tag-amoeba tag-platyhelmintes tag-flame-cell tag-metanephridia tag-nefridium tag-nephrostome tag-hemoplymph tag-urin tag-kulit tag-paru-paru tag-hati"><div class="post-header" style="border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); padding-bottom: 7px; "><h2 style="font-size: 2.6em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.1em; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/sistem-ekskresi/" rel="bookmark" title="Tautan Tetap ke Sistem Ekskresi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); ">Sistem Ekskresi</a></h2><div class="date" style="padding-top: 10px; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; ">27 OKTOBER 2009</div></div><div class="meta clear" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><div class="tags" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-style: italic; ">tags: <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/animasi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">animasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ginjal/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">ginjal</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/homeostasis/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">homeostasis</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/vakuola-kontraktil/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">vakuola kontraktil</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sel-api/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sel api</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nephridia/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">nephridia</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/bulu-malpighi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">bulu malpighi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/paramaecium/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">paramaecium</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/planaria/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">planaria</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/annelida/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">annelida</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/insekta/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">insekta</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-ekskresi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sistem ekskresi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/secretory/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">secretory</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sisa-metabolisme/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sisa metabolisme</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/osmoregulasi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">osmoregulasi</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/protista/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">protista</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/amoeba/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">amoeba</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/platyhelmintes/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">platyhelmintes</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/flame-cell/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">flame cell</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/metanephridia/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">metanephridia</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nefridium/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">nefridium</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nephrostome/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">nephrostome</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/hemoplymph/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">hemoplymph</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/urin/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">urin</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kulit/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">kulit</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/paru-paru/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">paru-paru</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/hati/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">hati</a></div><div class="author">oleh wbio</div></div><div class="entry clear" style="font-size: 1.3em; word-wrap: break-word; "><div class="snap_preview"><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "></p><div id="attachment_971" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; width: 279px; "><a href="http://www.product-reviews.net/2007/12/24/nintendo-wii-sports-vs-exercise-at-gym-you-having-a-laugh/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; "><img class="size-full wp-image-971" title="tiger-woods-sweating" src="http://wordbiology.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/tiger-woods-sweating.jpg?w=269&h=260" alt="Berkeringat" width="269" height="260" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); " /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-style: italic; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">Berkeringat (Sumber : product-reviews.net)</p></div><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sistem Ekskresi adalah salah satu sistem organ yang dibina atas organ-organ <span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102); "><strong>secretory</strong></span> untuk melakukan fungsi sekresi. Ekskresi dikenal sebagai proses pengeluaran materi-materi yang tidak digunakan lagi oleh tubuh sebagai zat-zat sisa aktivitas <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102); ">metabolisme </span></strong>tubuh, seperti zat-zat berlebih, sampah atau yang berbahaya bagi tubuh 1. Zat-zat sisa tesebut apabila tidak dikeluarkan dalam tubuh, maka dapat membahayakan hidup organisme tersebut, bahkan zat tersebut dapat bersifat racun apabila terus berada di dalam tubuh. Secara umum sistem ekskresi membantu terjaganya<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 102); ">homeostasis</span></strong> organisme, melalui pengaturan keseimbangan air dan penghilangan substansi-substansi yang berbahaya bagi tubuh 2. Homeostasis adalah kemampuan suatu organisme untuk selalu menjaga kondisi internal tubuh agar tetap konstan (tidak berubah) tanpa terpengaruh kondisi eksternal tubuh. <a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/sistem-ekskresi/#more-916" class="more-link" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="width: 600px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); "><div class="comments" style="float: left; width: 200px; font-size: 1.3em; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); text-transform: uppercase; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/sistem-ekskresi/#comments" title="Komentar pada Sistem Ekskresi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/vigilance/images/comments-bubble.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; display: block; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 25px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">1 KOMENTAR</a></div><div class="categories" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-size: 1.1em; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); ">from → <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/hewan-dan-manusia/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Hewan dan Manusia" rel="category tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; ">Hewan dan Manusia</a></div></div></div><div id="post-689" class="post-689 post type-post hentry category-mikroorganisme tag-adsorbsi tag-aseluler tag-bakteriofage tag-beijerink tag-capsid tag-daun-tembakau tag-daur-hidup tag-ekor tag-infeksi tag-ivanowsky tag-kromosom tag-lisis tag-lisogenik tag-litik tag-metaorganisme tag-meyer tag-parasit-obligat tag-pembelahan tag-penetrasi tag-penggabungan tag-perakitan tag-replikasi tag-rna tag-sel-inang tag-serabut-ekor tag-sintesis tag-tmv tag-tobaco-mosaic-virus tag-virus tag-wendell-stanley"><div class="post-header" style="border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); padding-bottom: 7px; "><h2 style="font-size: 2.6em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.1em; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/virus/" rel="bookmark" title="Tautan Tetap ke Virus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); ">Virus</a></h2><div class="date" style="padding-top: 10px; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; ">7 SEPTEMBER 2009</div></div><div class="meta clear" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><div class="tags" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-style: italic; ">tags: <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/adsorbsi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">adsorbsi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/aseluler/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">aseluler</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/bakteriofage/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">bakteriofage</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/beijerink/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Beijerink</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/capsid/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">capsid</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/daun-tembakau/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">daun tembakau</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/daur-hidup/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Daur hidup</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ekor/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">ekor</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/infeksi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">infeksi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ivanowsky/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Ivanowsky</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kromosom/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">kromosom</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/lisis/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">lisis</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/lisogenik/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">lisogenik</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/litik/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">litik</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/metaorganisme/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">metaorganisme</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/meyer/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Meyer</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/parasit-obligat/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">parasit obligat</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pembelahan/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Pembelahan</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/penetrasi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Penetrasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/penggabungan/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Penggabungan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/perakitan/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Perakitan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/replikasi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Replikasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/rna/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">RNA</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sel-inang/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sel inang</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/serabut-ekor/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">serabut ekor</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sintesis/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sintesis</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tmv/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">TMV</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tobaco-mosaic-virus/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Tobaco Mosaic Virus</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/virus/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">virus</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/wendell-stanley/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Wendell Stanley</a></div><div class="author">oleh wbio</div></div><div class="entry clear" style="font-size: 1.3em; word-wrap: break-word; "><div class="snap_preview"><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 13px; "></p><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 13px; "></p><div id="attachment_690" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; width: 232px; "><strong></strong><strong><a href="http://www.mcat45.com/node/68" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; "><img class="size-medium wp-image-690" title="T4-virus-mcat" src="http://wordbiology.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/t4-virus-mcat.jpg?w=222&h=246" alt="Bacteriphage (Sumber: library.thinkquest.org)" width="222" height="246" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); " /></a></strong><p class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-style: italic; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">Bacteriphage (Sumber: mcat45.com)</p></div><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong>Virus</strong> merupakan <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">metaorganisme</span></strong>, yaitu <span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); "><strong>organisme</strong></span>peralihan antara benda hidup dan benda mati. Virus dikatakan benda hidup karena dapat mengandakan diri atau memperbanyak diri ketika di dalam suatu sel <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">inang</span></strong>. Kemampuan menggandakan diri (<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">replikasi</span></strong>) di dalam sel inang ini disebabkan virus memiliki materi genetik, yaitu<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">DNA</span></strong> atau <span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); "><strong>RNA</strong></span>. Semua virus adalah <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">parasit obligat intraseluler</span></strong>. Artinya, virus hanya mampu hidup di dalam sel atau jaringan makhluk hidup lain. Ketika suatu virus berada di luar sel, virus hanyalah sebatas materi yang tidak berdaya yang tidak dapat melakukan fungsi kehidupan. Selain itu virus juga dapat dikristalkan. <a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/virus/#more-689" class="more-link" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="width: 600px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); "><div class="comments" style="float: left; width: 200px; font-size: 1.3em; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); text-transform: uppercase; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/virus/#comments" title="Komentar pada Virus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/vigilance/images/comments-bubble.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; display: block; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 25px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">28 KOMENTAR</a></div><div class="categories" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-size: 1.1em; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); ">from → <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/mikroorganisme/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Mikroorganisme" rel="category tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; ">Mikroorganisme</a></div></div></div><div id="post-648" class="post-648 post type-post hentry category-biologi-sel tag-anak-inti tag-brown tag-deoxyribonucleic tag-dna tag-enzim tag-gen tag-histon tag-informasi-genetik tag-inti-sel tag-kromatin tag-kromosom tag-membran-inti tag-nucleolar tag-nucleoprotein tag-nukleolus tag-nukleus tag-polinukleutida tag-porus-nuclearis tag-protein tag-ribosom tag-rna tag-rna-polymerase tag-rrna"><div class="post-header" style="border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); padding-bottom: 7px; "><h2 style="font-size: 2.6em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.1em; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/nukleus/" rel="bookmark" title="Tautan Tetap ke Nukleus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); ">Nukleus</a></h2><div class="date" style="padding-top: 10px; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; ">7 SEPTEMBER 2009</div></div><div class="meta clear" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><div class="tags" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-style: italic; ">tags: <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/anak-inti/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">anak inti</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/brown/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Brown</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/deoxyribonucleic/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Deoxyribonucleic</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/dna/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">DNA</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/enzim/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">enzim</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gen/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Gen</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/histon/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">histon</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/informasi-genetik/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">informasi genetik</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/inti-sel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">inti sel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kromatin/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">kromatin</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kromosom/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">kromosom</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/membran-inti/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">membran inti</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nucleolar/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">nucleolar</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nucleoprotein/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">nucleoprotein</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nukleolus/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">nukleolus</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nukleus/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Nukleus</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/polinukleutida/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">polinukleutida</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/porus-nuclearis/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">porus nuclearis</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/protein/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">protein</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ribosom/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">ribosom</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/rna/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">RNA</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/rna-polymerase/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">RNA polymerase</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/rrna/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">rRNA</a></div><div class="author">oleh wbio</div></div><div class="entry clear" style="font-size: 1.3em; word-wrap: break-word; "><div class="snap_preview"><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></p><div id="attachment_669" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; width: 253px; "><a href="http://elliottcelltour.com/Nucleus.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; "><img class="size-medium wp-image-669" title="Nucleus" src="http://wordbiology.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/nucleus.jpg?w=243&h=182" alt="Nukeus (sumber: elliottecell.com)" width="243" height="182" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); " /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-style: italic; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">Nukeus (sumber: elliottecell.com)</p></div><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong>Nukleus</strong> sering kita kenal dengan nama <span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); "><strong>inti sel</strong></span>. Nukleus pertama kali dikenalkan oleh <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">Brown</span></strong> pada tahun 1831 yang mengamati sel-sel tumbuhan. Struktur nucleus sel tumbuhan (<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">eukariot</span></strong>) mempunyai inti sel yang jelas ketika diamati, karena bahan-bahan inti yang ada di dalam nucleus dibatasi oleh <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">membran inti</span></strong> (<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">karyotheca</span></strong>), yaitu struktur membran <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">phospolipid bilayer</span></strong> mirip dengan struktur <span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); "><strong>membran plasma</strong></span>. <a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/nukleus/#more-648" class="more-link" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="width: 600px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); "><div class="comments" style="float: left; width: 200px; font-size: 1.3em; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); text-transform: uppercase; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/nukleus/#comments" title="Komentar pada Nukleus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/vigilance/images/comments-bubble.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; display: block; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 25px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">10 KOMENTAR</a></div><div class="categories" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-size: 1.1em; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); ">from → <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/biologi-sel/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Biologi Sel" rel="category tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; ">Biologi Sel</a></div></div></div><div id="post-606" class="post-606 post type-post hentry category-tumbuhan tag-akar tag-alga tag-algae tag-angiospermae tag-autotrof tag-batang tag-berkormus tag-bertalus tag-biji tag-briophyta tag-buah tag-bunga tag-coniferinae tag-cycadinae tag-daun tag-fotosintesis tag-generatif tag-ginkgoinae tag-gnetinae tag-gymnospermae tag-hepaticae tag-kormophyta tag-lumut tag-lycophyta tag-musci tag-paku tag-plantae tag-psilophyta tag-pteridophita tag-pterophyta tag-spenophyta tag-spermatophyta tag-thallophyta tag-tumbuhan"><div class="post-header" style="border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); padding-bottom: 7px; "><h2 style="font-size: 2.6em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.1em; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/09/05/tumbuhan/" rel="bookmark" title="Tautan Tetap ke Tumbuhan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); ">Tumbuhan</a></h2><div class="date" style="padding-top: 10px; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; ">5 SEPTEMBER 2009</div></div><div class="meta clear" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><div class="tags" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-style: italic; ">tags: <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/akar/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">akar</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/alga/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">alga</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/algae/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">algae</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/angiospermae/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Angiospermae</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/autotrof/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">autotrof</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/batang/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">batang</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/berkormus/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">berkormus</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/bertalus/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">bertalus</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/biji/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">biji</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/briophyta/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">briophyta</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/buah/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Buah</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/bunga/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">bunga</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/coniferinae/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">coniferinae</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/cycadinae/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">cycadinae</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/daun/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">daun</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fotosintesis/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Fotosintesis</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/generatif/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">generatif</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ginkgoinae/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">ginkgoinae</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gnetinae/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">gnetinae</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gymnospermae/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Gymnospermae</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/hepaticae/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">hepaticae</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kormophyta/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">kormophyta</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/lumut/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">lumut</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/lycophyta/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">lycophyta</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/musci/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">musci</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/paku/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">paku</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/plantae/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">plantae</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/psilophyta/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Psilophyta</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pteridophita/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">pteridophita</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pterophyta/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">pterophyta</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/spenophyta/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">spenophyta</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/spermatophyta/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">spermatophyta</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/thallophyta/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">thallophyta</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tumbuhan/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Tumbuhan</a></div><div class="author">oleh wbio</div></div><div class="entry clear" style="font-size: 1.3em; word-wrap: break-word; "><div class="snap_preview"><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong></strong></p><div id="attachment_608" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; width: 244px; "><strong></strong><strong><a href="http://rubberfertilizer.multiply.com/journal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; "><img class="size-full wp-image-608" title="plantae" src="http://wordbiology.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/plantae.png?w=234&h=314" alt="Tumbuhan (sumber rubberfertilizer)" width="234" height="314" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); " /></a></strong><p class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-style: italic; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">Tumbuhan (sumber rubberfertilizer)</p></div><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong>Tumbuhan</strong> sabagai salah satu makhluk hidup yang dipelajari dalam ilmu <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">Biologi</span></strong> merupakan <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">organisme</span></strong>yang masuk dalam <strong>Kingdom</strong> <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">Plantae</span></strong>. Organisme ini pada umumunya mampu melakukan <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">fotosintesis</span></strong>. Kemampuan tumbuhan melakukan fotosintesis menjadikan organisme ini masuk dalam golongan organisme <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">Autotrof</span></strong>, yaitu organisme yang mampu membuat makanannya sendiri. Tumbuhan sebagai organisme autotrof mampu mengubah zat <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">anorganik</span></strong>menjadi zat <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">organik</span></strong> melalui reaksi fotosintesis yang biasanya reaksi ini terjadi di bagian tumbuhan yang bernama <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">daun</span></strong>. Bagian-bagian tubuh tumbuhan selain daun yang sering kita lihat adalah <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">akar</span></strong>, <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">batang</span></strong>,<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">bunga</span></strong> dan <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">buah.</span></strong> Semuanya itu merupakan organ-organ fungsional yang menunjang proses kehidupan tumbuhan. <a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/09/05/tumbuhan/#more-606" class="more-link" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="width: 600px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); "><div class="comments" style="float: left; width: 200px; font-size: 1.3em; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); text-transform: uppercase; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/09/05/tumbuhan/#comments" title="Komentar pada Tumbuhan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/vigilance/images/comments-bubble.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; display: block; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 25px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">7 KOMENTAR</a></div><div class="categories" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-size: 1.1em; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); ">from → <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tumbuhan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Tumbuhan" rel="category tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; ">Tumbuhan</a></div></div></div><div id="post-560" class="post-560 post type-post hentry category-biologi-sel tag-aparatus-golgi tag-badan-mikro tag-bakteri tag-cell tag-dinding-sel tag-eukariot tag-flagella tag-fungsi-sel tag-gabus tag-hewan tag-kapsul tag-kromosom tag-lisosom tag-max-schultze tag-membran-inti tag-membran-plasma tag-mesosom tag-mikrofilamen tag-mikrotubulus tag-mitokondria tag-multiseluler tag-nukleus tag-organel tag-pili tag-plastida tag-prokariot tag-re tag-ribosom tag-robert-hooke tag-rudolf-virchow tag-schleiden tag-sel tag-sentriol tag-sentrosom tag-sitoplasma tag-struktur-sel tag-t-schwann tag-teori-sel tag-tumbuhan tag-uniseluler tag-vakuola tag-video"><div class="post-header" style="border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); padding-bottom: 7px; "><h2 style="font-size: 2.6em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.1em; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/08/27/struktur-dan-fungsi-sel-2/" rel="bookmark" title="Tautan Tetap ke Struktur dan Fungsi Sel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); ">Struktur dan Fungsi Sel</a></h2><div class="date" style="padding-top: 10px; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; ">27 AGUSTUS 2009</div></div><div class="meta clear" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><div class="tags" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-style: italic; ">tags: <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/aparatus-golgi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Aparatus Golgi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/badan-mikro/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Badan Mikro</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/bakteri/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Bakteri</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/cell/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Cell</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/dinding-sel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Dinding Sel</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/eukariot/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Eukariot</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/flagella/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Flagella</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fungsi-sel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Fungsi Sel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gabus/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Gabus</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/hewan/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Hewan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kapsul/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Kapsul</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kromosom/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">kromosom</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/lisosom/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Lisosom</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/max-schultze/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Max Schultze</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/membran-inti/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">membran inti</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/membran-plasma/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Membran Plasma</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/mesosom/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">mesosom</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/mikrofilamen/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Mikrofilamen</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/mikrotubulus/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Mikrotubulus</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/mitokondria/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Mitokondria</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/multiseluler/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">multiseluler</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/nukleus/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Nukleus</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/organel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Organel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pili/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Pili</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/plastida/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Plastida</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/prokariot/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Prokariot</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/re/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">RE</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ribosom/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">ribosom</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/robert-hooke/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/rudolf-virchow/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Rudolf Virchow</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/schleiden/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Schleiden</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Sel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sentriol/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Sentriol</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sentrosom/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Sentrosom</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sitoplasma/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sitoplasma</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/struktur-sel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Struktur sel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/t-schwann/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">T. Schwann</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/teori-sel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Teori sel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tumbuhan/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Tumbuhan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/uniseluler/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">uniseluler</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/vakuola/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Vakuola</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/video/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Video</a></div><div class="author">oleh wbio</div></div><div class="entry clear" style="font-size: 1.3em; word-wrap: break-word; "><div class="snap_preview"><div id="attachment_562" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; width: 257px; "><a href="http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Labs/Cell_Biology/Cells_Lab/CELLS.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; "><img class="size-medium wp-image-562" title="cork_100x_PA021953c" src="http://wordbiology.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/cork_100x_pa021953c.jpg?w=247&h=184" alt="Sel Gabus" width="247" height="184" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); " /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-style: italic; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">Sel Gabus (Sumber : biology.clc.uc.edu)</p></div><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); "><strong>Sel</strong></span> adalah unit terkecil dari makhluk hidup. Setiap<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">Organisme</span></strong> di dunia ini tersusun atas sel-sel yang saling berintegrasi membentuk suatu fungsi tertentu dalam tubuh makhluk hidup. Baik organisme tingkat seluler (<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">Uniseluler</span></strong>) maupun organisme<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">Multiseluler</span></strong>. Sel pertama kali dikenalkan oleh<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">Robert Hooke</span></strong> pada tahun 1665 yang mengamati jaringan <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">gabus</span></strong> pada pada tumbuhan dengan menggunakan lensa pembesar. Gabus merupakan bangunan yang berlubang-lubang kecil seperti susunan sarang lebah yang dipisahkan oleh “<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">diafragma</span></strong>“. Bangunan seperti sarang lebah ini selanjutnya disebut dengan<em> Cell</em> (sel). Nama sel diambilnya dari bahasa Yunani “<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">Kytos</span></strong>” yang berarti ruang kosong, sedangkan bahasa latin ruang kosong adalah “<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">cella</span></strong>“. <a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/08/27/struktur-dan-fungsi-sel-2/#more-560" class="more-link" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="width: 600px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); "><div class="comments" style="float: left; width: 200px; font-size: 1.3em; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); text-transform: uppercase; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/08/27/struktur-dan-fungsi-sel-2/#comments" title="Komentar pada Struktur dan Fungsi Sel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/vigilance/images/comments-bubble.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; display: block; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 25px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">32 KOMENTAR</a></div><div class="categories" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-size: 1.1em; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); ">from → <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/biologi-sel/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Biologi Sel" rel="category tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; ">Biologi Sel</a></div></div></div><div id="post-523" class="post-523 post type-post hentry category-biologi-molekuler tag-gen tag-gen-mph tag-kloning tag-promoter-traping tag-promotor tag-vektor"><div class="post-header" style="border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); padding-bottom: 7px; "><h2 style="font-size: 2.6em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.1em; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/02/24/konstruksi-dan-aplikasi-vektor-promoter-trapping/" rel="bookmark" title="Tautan Tetap ke KONSTRUKSI DAN APLIKASI VEKTOR PROMOTER-TRAPPING" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); ">KONSTRUKSI DAN APLIKASI VEKTOR PROMOTER-TRAPPING</a></h2><div class="date" style="padding-top: 10px; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; ">24 FEBRUARI 2009</div></div><div class="meta clear" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><div class="tags" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-style: italic; ">tags: <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gen/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Gen</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gen-mph/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">gen MPH</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kloning/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Kloning</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/promoter-traping/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Promoter-traping</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/promotor/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Promotor</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/vektor/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">vektor</a></div><div class="author">oleh wbio</div></div><div class="entry clear" style="font-size: 1.3em; word-wrap: break-word; "><div class="snap_preview"><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><img class="size-full wp-image-525 alignleft" title="vektor" src="http://wordbiology.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/vektor.jpg?w=255&h=234" alt="vektor" width="255" height="234" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; " /><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">Gen</span> methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) (<em>mpd</em>) dari strain <em><strong>Plesiomonas</strong> </em>sp. diketahui mampu menghidrolisis senyawa <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">methyl parathion</span></strong>menjadi <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">p-nitrophenol</span></strong> dan <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">dimethyl</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">phosphorothinate</span></strong> sebagai aplikasi <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">bioremidasi</span></strong>komponen <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">organophosporus</span></strong> di lingkungan. Kebanyakan organisme yang mampu menghasilkan<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">organophosporus hidrolase</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">bakteri </span></strong>(OPH) adalah <span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); "><strong>gram negatif</strong></span>, dan OPH yang dihasilkan berada di dalam sel atau dikeluarkan ke dalam periplasma.</p><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "></p><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "></p><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/02/24/konstruksi-dan-aplikasi-vektor-promoter-trapping/#more-523" class="more-link" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="width: 600px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); "><div class="comments" style="float: left; width: 200px; font-size: 1.3em; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); text-transform: uppercase; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/02/24/konstruksi-dan-aplikasi-vektor-promoter-trapping/#comments" title="Komentar pada KONSTRUKSI DAN APLIKASI VEKTOR PROMOTER-TRAPPING" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/vigilance/images/comments-bubble.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; display: block; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 25px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">5 KOMENTAR</a></div><div class="categories" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-size: 1.1em; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); ">from → <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/biologi-molekuler/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Biologi Molekuler" rel="category tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; ">Biologi Molekuler</a></div></div></div><div id="post-436" class="post-436 post type-post hentry category-biologi-sel category-the-miracle-of-biology tag-jaringan tag-kerja-sama tag-organ tag-organisasi tag-sel tag-sistem-organ"><div class="post-header" style="border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); padding-bottom: 7px; "><h2 style="font-size: 2.6em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.1em; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/02/12/belajar-organisasi/" rel="bookmark" title="Tautan Tetap ke Belajar sel, belajar organisasi!" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); ">Belajar sel, belajar organisasi!</a></h2><div class="date" style="padding-top: 10px; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; ">12 FEBRUARI 2009</div></div><div class="meta clear" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><div class="tags" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-style: italic; ">tags: <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/jaringan/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Jaringan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kerja-sama/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">kerja sama</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/organ/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Organ</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/organisasi/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Organisasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sel/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Sel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-organ/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">sistem organ</a></div><div class="author">oleh wbio</div></div><div class="entry clear" style="font-size: 1.3em; word-wrap: break-word; "><div class="snap_preview"><div id="attachment_440" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; width: 284px; "><a href="http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/5193117/2/istockphoto_5193117_interactive_organization_part_ii.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; "><img class="size-medium wp-image-440" title="ist2_5193117-interactive-organization-part-ii" src="http://wordbiology.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/ist2_5193117-interactive-organization-part-ii.jpg?w=274&h=221" alt="ist2_5193117-interactive-organization-part-ii" width="274" height="221" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); " /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-style: italic; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">Organisasi (sumber : http://www1.istockphoto.com)</p></div><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Organisasi, merupakan kumpulan orang yang memiliki tujuan yang sama, dan saling berinteraksi satu sama lain untuk menghasilkan suatu aksi dalam mecapai tujuan bersama. Layaknya sebuah organisasi, kumpulan orang tersebut dengan perannya masing-masing saling berintegrasi satu sama lain demi tercapainya tujuan. Hal yang paling mendasar dalam beroraganisasi adalah bagaimana setiap orang mampu bekerja sama, bukan sama-sama kerja, bahu membahu untuk mewujudkan impian bersama, yaitu tercapainya tujuan bersama (goal).</p><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Setiap orang pasti pernah belajar organisasi. Namun tak banyak orang yang menyadari bahwa setiap waktu, setiap jam, setiap menit, setiap detik kita selalu belajar tentang organisasi. Setiap inci bagian tubuh kita memperlihatkan adanya eksistensi sebuah organisasi. Mulai dari Sistem-sistem yang ada di dalam tubuh kita, sampai pada unit terkecil dalam tubuh kita, yaitu<strong> <span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">sel</span></strong>. <a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/02/12/belajar-organisasi/#more-436" class="more-link" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="width: 600px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); "><div class="comments" style="float: left; width: 200px; font-size: 1.3em; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); text-transform: uppercase; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/02/12/belajar-organisasi/#comments" title="Komentar pada Belajar sel, belajar organisasi!" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/vigilance/images/comments-bubble.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; display: block; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 25px; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">11 KOMENTAR</a></div><div class="categories" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-size: 1.1em; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); ">from → <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/biologi-sel/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Biologi Sel" rel="category tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; ">Biologi Sel</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/the-miracle-of-biology/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam The Miracle of Biology" rel="category tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; ">The Miracle of Biology</a></div></div></div><div id="post-421" class="post-421 post type-post hentry category-tumbuhan tag-fotosintesis tag-glukosa tag-grana tag-klorofil tag-kloroplas tag-reaksi-gelap tag-reaksi-terang tag-siklus-calvin tag-stroma tag-tilakoid tag-tumbuhan"><div class="post-header" style="border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); padding-bottom: 7px; "><h2 style="font-size: 2.6em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.1em; "><a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/02/11/fotosintesis/" rel="bookmark" title="Tautan Tetap ke Fotosintesis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); ">Fotosintesis</a></h2><div class="date" style="padding-top: 10px; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; ">11 FEBRUARI 2009</div></div><div class="meta clear" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><div class="tags" style="float: right; width: 400px; text-align: right; font-style: italic; ">tags: <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fotosintesis/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Fotosintesis</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/glukosa/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Glukosa</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/grana/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">grana</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/klorofil/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Klorofil</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kloroplas/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Kloroplas</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/reaksi-gelap/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">reaksi gelap</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/reaksi-terang/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">reaksi terang</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/siklus-calvin/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">siklus Calvin</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/stroma/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">stroma</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tilakoid/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">tilakoid</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tumbuhan/" rel="tag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-style: normal; ">Tumbuhan</a></div><div class="author">oleh wbio</div></div><div class="entry clear" style="font-size: 1.3em; word-wrap: break-word; "><div class="snap_preview"><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "></p><div id="attachment_431" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; width: 212px; "><img class="size-medium wp-image-431" title="photosynthesis" src="http://wordbiology.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/photosynthesis.gif?w=202&h=216" alt="Fotosintesis" width="202" height="216" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); " /><p class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-style: italic; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); ">Sumber : http://sunenergyfacts.com/</p></div><p style="font-size: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">Fotosintesis</span></strong> dikenal sebagai suatu proses sintesis makanan yang dimiliki oleh <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">tumbuhan</span></strong> hijau dan beberapa<strong>mikroorganisme</strong> <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">fotosintetik</span></strong>. Organisme yang mampu mensintesis makanannya sendiri disebut sebagai organisme<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">autrotof</span></strong>. Autotrof dalam <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">rantai makanan</span></strong> menduduki sebagai <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">produsen</span></strong>. Pada prinsipnya komponen yang dibutuhkan dalam reaksi fotosintesis adalah <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">CO2</span></strong> yang berasal dari udara dan <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">H2O</span></strong> yang diserap dari dalam tanah. Selain itu sesuai dengan namanya, <strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">foto</span></strong> “cahaya” reaksi ini membutuhkan cahaya matahari sebagai energi dalam pembuatan atau sintesis produk (senyawa<strong> gula</strong> dan<strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 204); ">oksigen</span></strong>). <a href="http://wordbiology.wordpress.com/2009/02/11/fotosintesis/#more-421" class="more-link" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(119, 33, 36); font-weight: bold; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="width: 600px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); "><div class="comments" style="float: left; width: 200px; font-size: 1.3em; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); text-transform: uppercase; "></div></div></div></span></div>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-10931559150713184192010-05-29T04:08:00.000-07:002010-05-29T04:09:46.373-07:00TERAPI LATIHAN<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><div class="post" id="post-394" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/24/jenis-kelelahan-otot/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Jenis Kelelahan Otot</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 24, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/24/jenis-kelelahan-otot/#comments" title="Komentar pada Jenis Kelelahan Otot" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">1 tanggapan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Aktifitas kontraktil di otot tidak bisa berlangsung terus-menerus. Pada akhirnya ketegangan otot menurun seiring dengan timbulnya kelelahan. Jenis kelelahan : kelelahan otot, kelelahan neuromuskular dan kelelahan sentral. Sifat kelelahan : lokal atau menyeluruh, kelelahan yang menyertai olahraga endurance, kelelahan dan kinerja olahraga.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); ">Kelelahan Otot</span></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">terjadi ketika otot tidak dapat berespon terhadap rangsangan dengan tingkat aktifitas kontraktil yang setara. Faktor-faktor yang terkait ; 1) penimbunan asam laktat, 2) Habisnya cadangan energi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Waktu timbulnya kelelahan otot berbeda sesuai jenis serat otot. Aktivitas yang berintensitas tinggi lebih cepat menimbulkan kelelahan. Kelelahan otot membatasi kinerja otot</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kelelahan Neuromuskular</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Faktor pembatas pada aktivitas yang kuat dan cepat terletak pada taut neuromuskulus. Neuron motorik aktif tidak mampu mensintesis asetilkolin dengan cukup cepat untuk mempertahankan transmisi kimiawi potensial aksi dari neuron motorik ke otot.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); ">Kelelahan Sentral / Kelelahan Psikologis</span></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Jika SSP tidak adekuat mengaktifkan neuron motorik yang mempersarafi otot yang bekerja. Individu akan memperlambat atau menghentikan aktivitasnya. Olahraga berat, kelelahan mungkin berakar pada rasa tidak nyaman yang berkaitan dengan aktivitas sehingga perlu motivasi. Olahraga kurang berat berkaitan dengan kebosanan atau kurang tidur. Mekanismenya masih belum jelas.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); ">Kelelahan otot yang bersifat lokal/ menyeluruh</span></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Menyertai latihan yang berintensitas tinggi dan waktunya singkat akibat akumulasi asam laktat dalam darah dan otot. Berhubungan dengan resistensi energi ATP selama kontraksi atau rileksasi otot Fast Twitch.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); ">Kelelahan yang menyertai Olahraga endurance</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Kelelahan ini terjadi karena kelelahan</span> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">otot (lokal) dan di luar otot (komponen tubuh lain). Kelelahan lokal karena terkurasnya cadangan glikogen otot baik di FT / ST.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); ">Kelelahan karena komponen lain disebabkan oleh :</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">1) Hipoglikemia</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">2) Penipisan glikogen hati</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">3) Dehidrasi</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">4) Kehilangan elektrolit</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">5) Hipertermia</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">6) Kebosanan (psikologis)</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Kelelahan yang menyertai olahraga endurance bersifat menyeluruh.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); ">Kelelahan dan kinerja olahraga</span></strong></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Menunda kelelahan akan memberi kesempatan atlit menyelesaikan suatu perlombaan. Idealnya menunda kelelahan memungkinkan atlit meningkatkan kinerja saat awal dan pertengahan pertandingan dan masih menyediakan tenaga yang besar untuk meyelesaikan pertandingan. Latihan fisik akan memberikan perubahan fisiologis tubuh untuk menunda kelelahan karena efek glycogen sparing (menggunakan lemak > glikogen sebagai bahan bakar) sehingga cadangan glikogen di hati dan otot dapat diirit sehingga kelelahan tertunda. Efek latihan fisik meningkatkan aklimatisasi terhadap panas lingkungan yang akan mengurangi hipertermia, dehidrasi dan hilangnya elektrolit selama kinerja berlangsung.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Nyeri otot (Muscle Soreness)</strong></span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Penelitian : Kontraksi eksentrik > isometrik > isotonik. Terjadi penurunan kekuatan oto menyertai kontraksi eksentrik sepanjang durasi dari periode nyeri , sedangkan saat kontraksi isometrik dan konsentrik tidak mengalami penurunan nyeri.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Penyebab nyeri (berdasarkan teori) :</em></strong></span></span></span></span></p><ol style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">kerusakan jaringan (sobekan kecil di otot)</span></span></span></span></li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">spasme lokal (mengurangi aliran darah)</span></span></span></span></li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">overstreching (rusaknya jaringan penyambung antara tendon dan otot / connective tissue theory)</span></span></span></span></li></ol><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Pencegahan Nyeri Otot</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 0); ">Streching</span></strong></em> : membantu mencegah dan menyenbuhkan bila terjadi nyeri.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 0); ">Mengkonsumsi 2x 100 mg Vitamin C perhari selama 30 hari</span></em></strong> : melindungi dan mengurangi nyeri otot (mungkin berkaitan dengan anti oksidan).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Adaptasi otot dan struktur saraf akibat pelatihan fisik</strong></em></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Tergantung bentuk latihan, intensitas, durasi dan frekuensi latihan. Perubahan yang terjadi adalah meningkatnya kekuatan otot (muscle strenght), ketahanan dan kecepatan atau daya ledak otot. Perubahan pada ukuran otot yaitu hipertropi (meningkatnya diameter serabut otot, meningkatnya jumlah miofibril dan meningkatnya sarkoplasma, kapiler-kapiler dan komponen lainnya. Perubahan pada otot dan gerakan persendian yaitu meningkatnya kelenturan (fleksibility). Ukuran otot ditingkatkan dengan olahraga intensitas tinggi, berdurasi singkat dan anaerobik secara teratur. Pembesaran otot disebabkan hipertropi Fast twitch (IIa) yang direkrut selama kontraksi kuat. Sebagian besar serat menebal akibat sintesis filamen aktin dan miosin yang memungkinkan peningkatan kesempatan jembatan silang berinteraksi dan meningkatkan kekuatan kontraktil otot tapi endurans tidak meningkat. Sedangkan hiperplasia (peningkatan jumlah sel otot) diperkirakan sedikit berperan pada penbesaran otot. Serat otot pria lebih tebal, besar dan kuat bahkan tanpa latihan beban karena efek <a href="http://http//evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/hormon-testoteron-pada-pria/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">hormon testoteron</a>(mendorong sintesis dan penyusunan aktin & miosin yang menyebabkan massa otot pria secara alamiah lebih besar). Aktivitas endurans yang teratur dapat mengubah serat IIb menjadi IIa dan sebaliknya dangan aktivitas yang bertenaga. Serat FT dan ST tidak dapat dipertukarkan . Perubahan adaptifr diotot akan berbalik keadaan semula dalam periode beberapa bulan apabila program latihan dihentikan</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fisiologi-tubuh-manusia/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi-latihan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Terapi Latihan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Latihan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kelelahan-dan-kinerja-olahraga/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kelelahan dan kinerja olahraga</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kelelahan-neuromuskular/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kelelahan Neuromuskular</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kelelahan-otot/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kelelahan Otot</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kelelahan-psikologis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kelelahan Psikologis</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kelelahan-sentral/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kelelahan Sentral</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-392" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/23/macam-macam-sistem-energi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Macam-macam Sistem Energi</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 23, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/23/macam-macam-sistem-energi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Macam-macam Sistem Energi" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Sistem ATP-CP (sistem kreatin fosfat/ anaerob tanpa pembentukan laktat)</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Fosfokreatin ; senyawa kimia yang tertimbun di dalam otot (15 – 17 milimol/kg > timbunan ATP). Merupakan energi instan/siap pakai secara cepat untuk membentuk ATP kembali, karena hanya terdiri dari satu rangkaian reaksi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Creatin kinese</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">CP ——————–> C + Pi + energi (13000 kalori)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Energi dan gugusan fosfat tersebut digunakan untuk membentuk kembali ATP dari ADP.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">ADP + Pi + energi (12000 kalori) ———–> ATP</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Sistem ATP-CP</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Daya maksimal sebesar 3,6 mol ATP/menit. Diperlukan untuk gerakan-gerakan mendadak/ olahraga kecepatan dan intensitas tinggi (lari cepat 100 meter, renang 25 meter atau angkat besi dll).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); ">Cirinya :</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1.tidak melewati rangkaian reaksi kimia yang panjang</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Tidak membutuhkan O2</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. ATP-CP tertimbun dekat elemen kontraktil otot.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); ">2. Sistem Glikolisis anaerobik/ sistem anaerob dengan Pembentukan laktat</span></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Menyediakan energi dalam waktu relatif cepat (> ATP – CP) dengan intensitas tinggi secara tidak sempurna dan membentuk asam piruvat yang akan diubah menjadi asam laktat. Karbohidrat disimpam dalam darah berbentuk glukosa dan dalam otot berbentuk glikogen. Ketika sistem anaerobik berlangsung terdapat enzim yang mengubah glukosa atau glikogen menjadi suatu ikatan kimia baru sehingga terbentuk ATP dan asam laktat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Sistem Glikolisis Anaerobik</em></strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Asam laktat menurunkan pH (meningkatkan keasaman) dalam otot dan darah yang akan menghambat kerja enzim-enzim atau reaksi kimia dalam sel tubuh, dalam otot menyebabkan kontraksi otot bertambah lemah dan akhirnya lelah.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); ">Cirinya :</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">1. Membentuk asam laktat penyebab kelelahan</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">2. Tidak butuh O2</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">3. Hanya menggunakan KH</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">4. Memberikan energi untuk resintesis beberapa ATP saja</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sistem ini diperlukan pada aktifitas fisik yang berlangsung cepat/explosif dan berlangsung selama 1 -3 atau 4 menit (lari jarak pendek, sepak bola, hockey, dll). Daya maksimal sekitar 1,6 mol ATP/menit dan kapasitas maksimalnya 1,2 mol ATP.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. Sistem Aerobik</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sistem energi yang paling banyak reaksi kimia dan memerlukan banyak enzim sehingga prosesnya lambat. Memerlukan O2 yang dibawa hemoglobin untuk menghasilkan ATP dalam jumlah besar. Sumber energinya dari KH dan lemak. Protein digunakan pada latihan endurance seperti lari maraton, balap sepeda jarak jauh, triathlon, dll.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Sistem Aerobik – Oksidasi Glikogen</em></strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">KH merupakan sumber energi tercepat sehingga cadangan glikogen dalam otot dan hati yang optimal sangat diperlukan. Terjadi 2 tahap yaitu di sitoplasma dan mitokondria. Pertama glikogen (dari KH) berubah menjadi asam piruvat (glikolisis anaerobik) dan membentuk asam laktat di sitoplasma, selanjutnya jika O2 cukup maka sebagian asam piruvat masuk ke dalam mitokondria dan mengalami serangkaian reaksi kimia.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Sistem Aerobik – Oksidasi lemak</strong></span></em></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Komponen dasar lemak adalah trigliserida (gliserol+ asam lemak). Asam lemak terdiri dari asam lemak tak jenuh (nabati) dan asam lemak jenuh (hewani). Kandungan energinya 2x lebih besar dibanding KH & protein.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); ">Sistem Aerobik – Oksidasi protein</span></em></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sumber energi saat cadangan KH berkurang, berfungsi untuk mengganti <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/meremajakan-sel-sel-tubuh-kita/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">sel-sel tubuh</a> yang rusak untuk perkembangan otot. Protein (asam-asam amino) diubah bentuknya di dalam hati menjadi senyawa karbon tanpa gugus amino (transaminasi) yang selanjutnya di oksidasi menjadi siklus krebs.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fisiologi-tubuh-manusia/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi-latihan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Terapi Latihan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Latihan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/oksidasi-glikogen/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Oksidasi Glikogen</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/oksidasi-lemak/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Oksidasi lemak</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/oksidasi-protein/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Oksidasi protein</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/senyawa-kimia/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">senyawa kimia</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-aerobik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sistem Aerobik</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-atp-cp/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sistem ATP-CP</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-glikolisis-anaerobik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sistem Glikolisis anaerobik</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-520" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/melatih-otot-otot-oblik/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Melatih Otot-otot Oblik</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 20, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/melatih-otot-otot-oblik/#comments" title="Komentar pada Melatih Otot-otot Oblik" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 komentar - komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Otot-otot oblik atau yang berada pada kedua sisi otot abdominal adalah wilayah yang seharusnya dilatih untuk merampingkan pinggang. Dengan berbaring pada salah satu sisi tubuh dan melakukan gerakan naik turun pada kaki paling atas berulang-ulang, maka masalah lemak perut dapat segera teratasi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Bagi para pemula, gerakan mengangkat kaki tidak terlalu lebar sudah cukup untuk mengencangkan otot-otot oblik. Sementara bagi mereka yang menginginkan lebih banyak lemak yang terbakar, disarankan untuk menekuk bahu ke atas bersamaan dengan saat kaki paling atas diangkat menjauh dari lantai. Meningkatkan jumlah pengulangan gerakan secara bertahap dari hari ke hari juga dapat membakar lemak lebih banyak dan mengencangkan otot oblik.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Berbaring pada sisi tubuh sebelah kiri dengan kedua kaki dirapatkan. Letakkan tangan sebelah kiri, menyilang di depan perut. Tekuk lengan sebelah kanan dengan telapak tangan memegang belakang kepala sehingga sudut siku mengarah ke langit-langit. Cara yang paling mudah, jangan angkat kaki namun angkat bagian sisi tubuh paling atas.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Gunakan otot-otot oblik pada sisi sebelah kiri (bukan lengan kanan Anda), tarik otot abdominal dan angkat bahu sebelah kanan dari atas lantai sekitar 5-8 cm saat mengangkat kaki kanan setinggi 30 cm. Tahan selama 2 detik kemudian turunkan perlahan ke posisi semula. Awali dengan 5-8 kali pengulangan untuk setiap sisi tubuh dan lakukan dalam waktu 15-20 menit. Berikan jeda selama 1 menit setiap kali sebelum memulai pengulangan.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi-latihan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Terapi Latihan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Latihan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam terapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">terapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/otot-abdominal/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">otot abdominal</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/otot-otot-oblik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Otot-otot oblik</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-343" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/pengantar-fisiologi-latihan/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Pengantar Fisiologi Latihan</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 15, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/pengantar-fisiologi-latihan/#respond" title="Komentar pada Pengantar Fisiologi Latihan" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "></p><div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><dl class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: auto; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); text-align: center; display: block; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><dt class="wp-caption-dt" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/physiology%20exercise.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="size-full wp-image-344" title="physiology exercise" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/b7.jpg?w=403&h=272" alt="" width="403" height="272" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " /></a></dt><dd class="wp-caption-dd" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">physiology exercise</dd></dl></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Fisiologi Latihan atau physiology exercise bagian atau cabang fisiologi yang mempelajari tentang fungsi tubuh selama berlatih (melakukan aktifitas fisik).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Exercise sciensi adalah ilmu yang mendekskripsikan dan menerangkan fenomena alam yang berhubungan dengan kerja/aktifitas fisik dan olahraga. Exercise sciensi meliputi ilmu spesialis dalam fisiologi olahraga, biomekanik olahraga, psikologi olahraga, sosiologi olahraga, biokimia olahraga, dsb.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sport medicin adalah salah satu disiplin ilmu kedoteran yang secara teoritis dan praktis , mempelajari meneliti, menganalisa pengaruh olahraga terhadap manusia sehat maupun sakit.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Physical fitness adalah kesanggupan dan kemampuan tubuh melakukan penyesuaian terhadap pembebanan fisik yang diberikan kepadanya tanpa menimbulkan kelelahan yang berlebihan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Inti dari Fisiologi Latihan</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Apa yang terjadi pada saat berlatih dan apa yang terjadi setelah berlatih</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Olahraga memberikan stress terhadap mekanisme homeostatis dalam tubuh melalui respon faal.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Respon tubuh bereaksi terhadap perubahan kebutuhan dan tetap berusaha mempertahankan kestabilan lingkungan internal agar dapat bekerja secara optimal</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sifat respon, adaptif dan akut.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Prinsip Fisiologi latihan</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Manusia makhluk hidup dinamis</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Dinamis eksternal dan internal</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">internal : aktifitas sel</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">eksternal : manipulasi lingkungan</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Fungsi Sel dan Jaringan</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Memperoleh makanan dan O2 dari lingkungan yang mengelilinginya</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Menjalankan berbagai reaksi kimia yang menggunakan zat gizi dan O2 untuk menghasilkan energi bagi sel</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mengeluarkan CO2 dan Zat-zat sisa selama reaksi kimia</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mensistesis protein dan komponen lain yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan dan menjalankan fungsi tertentu sel</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Menjadi sensitif dan responsif terhadap perubahan yang terjadi di lingkungan sekitarnya.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Memindahkan Zat-zat dari salah satu bagian sel ke bagian lain ketika menjalankan aktifitas sel</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Bereproduksi</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Ibarat kota metropolitan, memiliki generator dan pabrik bahan bakar, sistem transportasi, jaringan komunikasi yang rumit, sistem penghancur dan pembuangan sampah, pabrik penghasil aneka produk, sistem impor ekspor, sistem pertahanan dan keamanan, sistem pemerintahan yang bersifat diktator, kemampuan menghancurkan tubuhnya sendiri.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Segala kegiatan kita sehari-hari terjadi pada tingkat sel; memegang kertas, kerja dari sel-sel otot tangan, membaca, sel-sel batang dan kerucut mata yang menerima bayangan huruf yang dikirim ke otak untuk diterjemahkan.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Prinsip Homeostasis</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Homeostasis,berasal dari kata Homeo berarti “sama” dan Stasis berarti “berdiam atau menetap”.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Homeostasis adalah pengaturan kondisi-kondisi statis atau konstan di lingkungan dalam tubuh. Tubuh menghadapi perubahan kebutuhan sementara ia harus mempertahankan kestabilan lingkungan internal yang dibutuhkan oleh setiap sel dan organ agar mereka dapat berfungsi karena kerja sistem tubuh yang sangat teratur dan terkoordinasi. Homeostasis bukan berarti menetap namun bersifat “stabil dinamis”.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Sistem tubuh dan kontribusi penting untuk homeostasis</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem sirkulasi : transportasi berbagai zat</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem pencernaan :Sistem pencernaan: menguraikan makanan dan mengeluarkan zat sisa.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem respirasi : mengambil O2 dan mengeluarkan CO2</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem kemih : mengeluarkan kelebihan garam, air dan elektrolit dari plasma</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem rangka : menunjang, proteksi jaringan lunak, menyimpan Ca dll.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem otot : menggerakkan tulang dan mendekati makanan, menjauhi bahaya, mengatur suhu</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem integumen : sawar protektif bagian luar yang mencegah cairan internal keluar dan mikroorganisme asing masuk ke dalam tubuh serta mengatur suhu dengan mengatur produksi keringat dan mengatur aliran darah ke kulit.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem imun : mempertahankan tubuh dari serangan benda asing dan sel-sel tubuh yang telah menjadi kanker, perbaikan dan penggantian sel yang tua atau cidera.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem saraf : Sistem pengontrol utama tubuh yang memerlukan respon cepat</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem endokrin : Sistem kontrol utama yang lebih mementingkan daya tahan otot</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem reproduksi : tidak esensial untuk homeostasis sehingga tidak penting untuk kelangsungan hidup suatu spesies</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Homeostasis penting bagi kelangsungan hidup sel, tiap sel melalui aktifitas khususnya masing-masing turut berperan dan memberi kontribusi bagi homeostasis sebagai bagian dari sistem yang terorganisasi untuk memelihara lingkungan internal yang digunakan bersama oleh semua sel, sehingga butuh kontrol fisiologis.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Mekanisme kontrol fisiologis</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Untuk mempertahankan homeostasis tubuh mendeteksi penyimpangan-penyimpangan melalui sistem kontrol :</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kontrol intrinsik : terdapat dalam organ yang bersangkutan (contoh ; otot bekerja menggunakan O2 dan mengeluarkan CO2 untuk menghasilkan energi. Konsentrasi O2 menurun dan CO2 meningkat, melalui otot polos di dinding pembuluh darah yang mengaliri otot tersebut menghasilkan perubahan kimiawi sehingga otot polos melemas dan pembuluh terbuka lebar untuk mengakomodasi peningkatan aliran darah ke otot).</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kontrol ekstrinsik : mekanisme pengaturan yang dicetuskan di luar organ (sistem saraf dan endokrin), memungkinkan pengaturan berbagai organ sekaligus untuk mencapai tujuan bersama.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mekanisme kontrol fisiologis ini penting untuk mempertahankan keadaan stabil dinamis lingkungan internal keseluruhan –> Contoh; jika terjedi penurunan tekanan darah, maka sistem saraf secara serentak bekerja pada jantung dan <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/pembuluh-darah/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pembuluh darah</a> diseluruh tubuh untuk meningkatkan tekanan darah.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mekanisme kontrol homeostatis terutama bekerja berdasarkan prinsip umpan balik negatif dan sebagian kecil umpan balik positif.</li></ul></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fisiologi-tubuh-manusia/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi-latihan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Terapi Latihan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Latihan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/exercise-sciensi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Exercise sciensi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fisiologi-latihan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Fisiologi Latihan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fungsi-sel-dan-jaringan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Fungsi Sel dan Jaringan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/homeostasis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Homeostasis</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/mekanisme-kontrol-fisiologis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Mekanisme kontrol fisiologis</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pembuluh-darah/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pembuluh darah</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/physical-fitness/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Physical fitness</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/prinsip-fisiologi-latihan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Prinsip Fisiologi latihan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/prinsip-homeostasis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Prinsip Homeostasis</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-tubuh-dan-kontribusi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sistem tubuh dan kontribusi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sport-medicin/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sport medicin</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-340" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/14/adaptasi-tubuh-dengan-aktifitas-fisik/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Adaptasi Tubuh dengan Aktifitas Fisik</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 14, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/14/adaptasi-tubuh-dengan-aktifitas-fisik/#respond" title="Komentar pada Adaptasi Tubuh dengan Aktifitas Fisik" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Adaptasi Otot</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Adaptasi%20Otot.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-378" title="Adaptasi Otot" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a21.jpg?w=171&h=183" alt="" width="171" height="183" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Proporsi ST dan FT pada lengan dan tungkai seimbang. Serabut ST memiliki daya tahan aerobik yang tinggi dan bekerja pada aktifitas yang bersifat endurance serta intensitasnya rendah. Serabut FT bersifat anaerobik. FTa/IIa untuk aktifitas yang eksplosif dan FTb//IIb sedikit susah dipahami karena melibatkan otot yang tinggi. Serabut FT dan ST tidak dapat dipertukarkan. Proses adaptasi otot sangat bergantung pada jenis aktifitas yang dilakukan sehingga mempengaruhi predominan sistem energi yang bekerja dan terkait dengan kelompok serat otot yang ada. Otot rangka mendapat suplai darah sebesar 15% dari total volume darah dan meningkat hingga 80% pada saat aktifitas fisisk yang berat. Perubahan adaptif otot akan berbalik keadaan semula dengan periode beberapa bulan apabila aktifitas fisik dihentikan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Adaptasi Kardiovaskuler</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Adaptasi%20Kardiovaskuler.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-379" title="Adaptasi Kardiovaskuler" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a32.jpg?w=300&h=225" alt="" width="300" height="225" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Fungsi utama sistem Kardiovaskuler :</span></p><ol style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Membawa O2 dan nutrisi ke seluruh sel-sel tubuh</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mengangkat CO2 dan sisa metabolisme dari sel-sel tubuh</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mengangkat hormon dari kelenjar endokrin ke target organ</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mempertahankan hemodinamika tubuh , misalnya temperatur tubuh dan keseimbangan cairan tubuh agar tidak dehidrasi.</li></ol><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); ">Sistem kardiovaskuler = Sistem Pemompaan</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Terdiri atas :</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pompa (jantung)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sistem pengaliran (pembuluh darah)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Cairan (darah)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Jantung secara anatomis terdiri dari :</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">2 atrium (sebagai reservoar)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">2 ventrikel (sebagai unit pengirim)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Katup (sebagai penghalang)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); ">Sistem sirkulasi jantung</span></p><ol style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sirkulasi paru : mengangkut darah antara jantung dan paru-paru, ia memiliki tekanan dan resistensi yang rendah.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sirkulasi sistemik : mengangkut darah antara jantung dan sistem organ, ia memiliki tekanan dan resistensi yang tinggi.</li></ol><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); ">Sistem konduksi dan intrinsik jantung :</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">4 sistem konduksi jantung</p><ol style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Nodus sinoatrial (SA)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Nodus Atrioventrikularis (AV)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Bundle his</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Serabut purkinje</li></ol><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); ">Sistem pembuluh darah</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Arteri –> Arteriola –> kapiler –> venula –> vena</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Darah dari seluruh tubuh kembali ke jantung melalui vena-vena, dibantu oleh pompa otot (terutama pada kontraksi otot)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Darah didistribusikan ke seluruh tubuh bergantung pada kebutuhan jaringan. Jaringan yang aktif membutuhkan darah dalam volume yang lebih banyak.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Darah</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Darah dan cairan limpe mengandung zat-zat dari dan ke seluruh tubuh. <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/17/plasma-darah/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Cairan plasma</a>merembes ke jaringan —> Cairan interstitial. Kebanyakan Cl akan kembali ke kapiler dan sebagian lagi masuk ke dalam sistem limfatik dan akhirnya kembali ke aliran darah.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Dehidrasi –> plasma berkurang –> kekentalan darah meningkat –> tahanan aliran meningkat</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Adaptasi sistem kardiovaskuler terhadap latihan fisik</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Latihan fisik :</p><ol style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kebutuhan O2 dan nutrisi meningkat dengan cepat</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Proses metabolisme terjadi dengan cepat</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sampah metabolisme meningkat</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Suhu tubuh meningkat</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Konsentrasi ion hidrogen meningkat dalam darah dan otot, menyebabkan otot dan darah menjadi lebih asam.</li></ol></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fisiologi-tubuh-manusia/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi-latihan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Terapi Latihan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Latihan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/adaptasi-kardiovaskuler/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Adaptasi Kardiovaskuler</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/adaptasi-otot/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Adaptasi Otot</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/darah/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Darah</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/dehidrasi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Dehidrasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/latihan-fisik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">latihan fisik</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-konduksi-dan-intrinsik-jantung/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sistem konduksi dan intrinsik jantung</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-pembuluh-darah/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sistem pembuluh darah</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-sirkulasi-jantung/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sistem sirkulasi jantung</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-335" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/12/range-of-movement-rom-pada-sendi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Range of Movement (ROM) Pada Sendi</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 12, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/12/range-of-movement-rom-pada-sendi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Range of Movement (ROM) Pada Sendi" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></strong></p><div id="attachment_383" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); text-align: left; float: left; width: 232px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Range%20of%20Movement.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="size-medium wp-image-383" title="Range of Movement" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a8.jpg?w=222&h=300" alt="" width="222" height="300" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " /></a></strong></strong><p class="wp-caption-text" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 3px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; text-align: center; ">Range of Movement</p></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Range (jarak)</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Kata range (jarak) dapat digunakan dalam 2 pandangan. Pertama, range merupakan besarnya gerakan yang terjadi pada suatu sendi. Kedua, range merupakan besarnya otot memendek atau memanjang pada saat otot menghasilkan gerakan atau mengontrol gerakan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">ROM merupakan kuantitas jarak gerakan ketika sendi digerakkan sampai penuh. Nama-nama gerakan merupakan nama-nama gerakan anatomical yang secara normal diaplikasikan dan metode pengukuran ROM dipublikasikan oleh American Orthopaedic Association. Salah satu contoh pengukuran ROM adalah ROM abduksi shoulder adalah 90 derajat dan ROM adduksi shoulder 90 derajat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Ketika otot berkontraksi dan menghasilkan gerakan maka kerja otot tersebut melalui ROM tertentu. Ketika suatu otot berkontraksi akan menghasilkan gerakan dengan full ROM. Gambaran full ROM dapat dipecah ke dalam 3 bagian yaitu outer range, middle range dan inner range.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Outer range</strong></span> dari kontraksi otot adalah kontraksi dari terulur penuh otot ke titik tengah dari full ROM. <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 0); ">Inner range</span></strong> dari kontraksi otot adalah kontraksi dari titik tengah ROM ke kontraksi penuh (memendek penuh). <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 0); ">Middle range</span></strong> dari kontraksi otot adalah kontraksi yang menghasilkan suatu jarak antara titik tengah dari outer range dan titik tengah dari inner range. Middle range kontraksi merupakan kerja dari beberapa otot yang paling sering terjadi dalam menghasilkan gerakan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Inner range yang penuh lebih sulit dilakukan karena memerlukan kontraksi dengan sejumlah<a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/motor-unit/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">motor unit</a> yang lebih banyak dan biasanya juga tarikan otot memiliki sudut tarikan yang kurang baik tetapi terhindar dari usaha memisahkan kedua permukaan sendi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Outer range yang penuh juga sulit karena biasanya sudut tarikannya kurang baik dan terhindar dari usaha menekan kedua permukaan sendi, ditambah pula otot mungkin mengalami inersia dan bekerja melawan berat lengan yang panjang atau berat. Hal ini memungkinkan terjadi ketika beberapa otot bergerak dari full outer range ke full inner range, dengan posisi-posisi tibuh tertentu dimana gaya gravitasi dapat menahan gerakan ketika outer range dilakukan dan membantu gerakan ketika inner range dilakukan. Ketika hal ini terjadi pada otot yang sama maka otot tersebut tidak akan bekerja pada seluruh ROM. Pada bagian akhir ROM (dibantu oleh gravitasi) akan dikontrol oleh otot antagonis pada outer rangenya tetapi kerja otot terjadi secara isotonik memanjang.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi-latihan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Terapi Latihan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Latihan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/abduksi-shoulder/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">abduksi shoulder</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/adduksi-shoulder/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">adduksi shoulder</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/inner-range/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">inner-range</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kontraksi-otot/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">kontraksi otot</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/middle-range/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Middle range</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/motor-unit/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">motor unit</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/outer-range/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Outer range</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/range/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">range</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-329" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/10/sistem-energi-adenosin-triphosphate-atp/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Sistem Energi Adenosin Triphosphate (ATP)</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 10, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/10/sistem-energi-adenosin-triphosphate-atp/#respond" title="Komentar pada Sistem Energi Adenosin Triphosphate (ATP)" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Seluruh energi ditubuh berasal dari molekul yang tinggi energi yaitu Adenosin Triphosphate (ATP) yang tertimbung diotot. Selama fungsi tubuh bekerja maka hidrolisis ATP harus terus berjalan. Diantara sel tubuh, sel otot merupakan sel yang terbanyak menimbun ATP. ATP diotot sekitar 4-6 milimol/kg otot, yang hanya cukup untuk aktifitas cepat dan berat selama 3-8 detik. Untuk aktifitas yang lebih lama otot memerlukan ATP melalui 3 sistem energi. Kinerja fisik memerlukan kombinasi dari ke 3 sistem energi, dimana kontribusinya tergantung dari intensitas dan lamanya kerja fisik yaitu sistem ATP-CP, Sistem glikolisis anaerobic dan sistem aerobic. Tubuh beraktifitas seperti mesin yang bergerak sendiri (automobile) dengan mengubah energi kimia menjadi energi mekanik.</p><div id="attachment_330" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: auto; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); text-align: center; display: block; width: 360px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Adenosin%20Triphosphate.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="size-full wp-image-330" title="Sistem energi Adenosin Triphosphate" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a3.jpg?w=350&h=263" alt="" width="350" height="263" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 3px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; text-align: center; ">Adenosin Triphosphate</p></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Adenosin Triphosphate (ATP)</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Semua energi dalam proses biologi berasal dari matahari. Sumber energi tidak dapat digunakan secara langsung tapi melalui proses metabolisme yaitu pemecahan zat gizi dari makanan (klorofil tanaman merubah energi yang diterimanya menjadi energi kimia: KH, protein dan lemak) yang memberi hasil akhir ATP + CO2 H2O. ATP merupakan senyawa kimia berenergi tinggi yang dapat langsung digunakan dalam proses biologis (konduksi saraf, transportasi ion, sekresi kelenjar, kontraksi dan rileksasi otot,dll)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">ATP terbentuk dari ADP dan Pi melalui fosforilasi yang dirangkaikan dengan proses oksidasi. Selanjutnya ATP yang terbentuk dialirkan ke proses reaksi biologis yang membutuhkan energi untuk hidrolisis menjadi ATP dan Pi sekaligus melepaskan energi yang dibutuhkan oleh proses biologis tersebut. Demikian seterusnya sehingga terjadilah daur ATP-ADP secara terus menerus.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Siklus ATP</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Hidrolisis</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">ATP –> ADP + Pi + 12.000 kalori</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">ADP –> AMP + Pi + 12.000 kalori</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Pembentukan kembali</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">AMP + Pi + 12.000 kalori –> ADP</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">ADP + Pi + 12.000 kalori –> ATP</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Berlangsung secara mendaur –> Siklus ATP –> sistem energi.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fisiologi-tubuh-manusia/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi-latihan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Terapi Latihan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Latihan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/adenosin-triphosphate/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Adenosin Triphosphate</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/energi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">energi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/energi-mekanik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">energi mekanik</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/proses-oksidasi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">proses oksidasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/siklus-atp/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Siklus ATP</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-energi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">sistem energi</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-325" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/09/jenis-serat-otot-rangka/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Jenis Serat Otot Rangka</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 9, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/09/jenis-serat-otot-rangka/#respond" title="Komentar pada Jenis Serat Otot Rangka" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Otot%20Rangka.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="size-full wp-image-326 aligncenter" title="jenis serat otot rangka" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a2.jpg?w=300&h=201" alt="" width="300" height="201" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Berdasarkan karateristiknya :</strong></p><ol style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; text-align: left; ">ST (Slow Twitch fiber/serabut otot lambat/Serat oksidatif lambat/Tipe I)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">FT (Fast Twitch fiber/Serabut otot cepat/tipe II), Tipe IIa= serat oksidatif cepat, Tipe IIb= serat glikolitik cepat.</li></ol><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; ">Perbedaan kedua serat terletak pada kecepatan kontraksi dan perangkat enzimatik yang digunakan membentuk ATP.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Potensi Aerobik & Anaerobik serta kecepatan kontraksi</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Fast Twitch, kemampuan sistem anaerobik, ATP lebih cepat terbentuk sehingga kontraksinya lebih cepat, akibatnya Fast Twitch lebih cepat lelah (3x lebih cepat dari slow twitch karena motor neuronnya lebih besar dan sistem ATP-CP serat FT 3x > ST, sistem asam laktat serat FT 2x lebih aktif dari ST.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Slow Twitch, Sistem aerobik, ATP lambat tapi banyak sehingga kontraksinya lambat, akibatnya ST lebih resisten terhadap kelelahan.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">ST memiliki banyak mitokondria, banyak kapiler dan memiliki kandungan mioglobin yang tinggi (serat merah= red fibers)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">FT kebalikan dari ST, FT berwarna pucat (white fibers)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Manusia memiliki ketiga serat, persentasinya ditentukan oleh jenis aktifitasnya. Misalnya kontraksi otot dengan intensitas rendah dan lama tanpa mengalami kelelahan seperti otot punggung dan tungkai, serat oksidatif lambat/ST.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sedangkan FT pada otot-otot lengan mempunyai adaptasi gerakan yang kuat dan cepat.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Persentase FT: ST sekitar 50%.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; "></p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fisiologi-tubuh-manusia/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi-latihan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Terapi Latihan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Latihan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fast-twitch-fiber/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Fast Twitch fiber</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/jenis-serat-otot-rangka/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Jenis serat otot rangka</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/potensi-aerobik-anaerobik-serta-kecepatan-kontraksi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Potensi Aerobik & Anaerobik serta kecepatan kontraksi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/slow-twitch-fiber/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Slow Twitch fiber</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-246" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/pelaksanaan-teknik-terapi-latihan-r-mc-kenzie-exercises/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Pelaksanaan Teknik Terapi Latihan R.Mc. Kenzie Exercises</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Februari 24, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/pelaksanaan-teknik-terapi-latihan-r-mc-kenzie-exercises/#respond" title="Komentar pada Pelaksanaan Teknik Terapi Latihan R.Mc. Kenzie Exercises" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 255, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Latihan 1 :</strong></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; text-align: justify; ">Penderita tidur tengkurap, kedua tangan sejajar badan, kepala menoleh ke samping, atur pernapasan dan ikuti dengan relaksasi otot punggung. Posisi ini dipertahankan kira-kira 5 menit, sehingga tercapai <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">relaksasi</a>.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 255, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Latihan 2 :</strong></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; text-align: justify; ">Penderita tidur tengkurap bertumpu pada kedua siku, pandangan lurus ke depan, pertahankan posisi kira-kira 5 menit sehingga dirasakan bagian pinggang ke bawah rileks. Latihan ini selalu diikuti latihan 1 pada setiap sessionnya.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 255, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Latihan 3:</strong></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; text-align: justify; ">Penderita tidur tengkurap, kedua tangan diletakkan pada posisi seperti push up. Kemudian tangan menekan lantai sehingga siku lurus, badan terangkat ke atas sampai pinggang terasa sebatas rasa sakit, pertahankan selama 1-2 detik dan usahakan pelvis serta kedua tungkai tetap menempel di lantai. Latihan ini efektif untuk terapi saat akut, juga dapat mengurangi ketegangan otot punggung dan mencegah berulangnya sakit pinggang. Setiap kali latihan ulangi 10 kali gerakan dilakukan 4-6 kali sehari. Apabila dalam 1 minggu tidak ada perubahan atau justru sakitnya bertambah maka perlu didiskusikan dengan dokter.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 255, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Latihan 4 :</strong></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; text-align: justify; ">Penderita berdiri tegak dengan kedua tangan diletakkan pada bagian punggung, kemudian badan digerakkan lurus dengan kedua tangan sebagai fiksator, diusahakan kedua lutut dalam posisi lurus, selanjutnya posisikan kembali tegak, latihan dilakukan selama 1-2 detik.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 255, 0); ">Latihan 5 :</span></strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Penderita tidur terlentang dengan fleksi sendi paha dan lutut, kemudian dengan kedua lengan, kedua tungkai ditarik kearah dada, kepala tidak perlu diangkat kemudian kembali ke posisi semula. Ulangi 6-8 kali gerakan, lakukan 2-4 kali sehari setiap kali latihan seharusnya diikuti dengan latihan 3.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/Terapi%20Latihan%20R.Mc.%20Kenzie%20Exercises.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "></a></p><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/Terapi%20Latihan%20R.Mc.%20Kenzie%20Exercises.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: center; "><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-371" title="Terapi Latihan R.Mc. Kenzie Exercises" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a72.jpg?w=183&h=96" alt="" width="183" height="96" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " /></p></a><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 255, 0); ">Latihan 6 :</span></strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Posisi penderita duduk dipinggir kursi, kepala fleksi kedua tangan diletakkan di atas lutut dengan lurus kemudian secara pelan-pelan pinggang dibuat dalam posisi lordosis yang ekstrem dalam beberapa saat, kemudian ke posisi awal. Kedua telapak kaki menumpu lantai, pandangan lurus ke depan , gerakan badan ke depan dan kedua tangan menyentuh lantai . Kembali lagi pelan-pelan ke posisi semula. Sebagai latihan lebih lanjut gerakan kepala mendekati lantai dan kedua tangan dapat memegang pergelangan kaki. Ulangi setiap 5-6 kali dan 3-4 kali sehari. Latihan ini dilakukan bila latihan 5 dapat dilakukan tanpa sakit dan setiap melakukan latihan ini harus diikuti dengan latihan 3.</li></ul></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi-latihan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Terapi Latihan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Latihan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ketegangan-otot-punggung/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">ketegangan otot punggung</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/penderita-berdiri-tegak/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Penderita berdiri tegak</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/penderita-tidur-tengkurap/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Penderita tidur tengkurap</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/relaksasi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">relaksasi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/relaksasi-otot-punggung/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">relaksasi otot punggung</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/rileks/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">rileks</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sakit-pinggang/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">sakit pinggang</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-195" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/19/latihan-dengan-menggunakan-mekanikal-rex/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Latihan dengan Menggunakan Mekanikal REX</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Februari 19, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/19/latihan-dengan-menggunakan-mekanikal-rex/#respond" title="Komentar pada Latihan dengan Menggunakan Mekanikal REX" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Mekanikal REX adalah suatu bentuk latihan tahanan dimana tahanan yang diaplikasikan berasal dari penggunaan beberapa peralatan latihan.<br />Mekanikal REX digunakan untuk meningkat-kan kekuatan (strength), power (daya le-dak), atau muscle endurance (daya tahan otot) dalam program rehabilitasi atau kondisioning.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Dosis Latihan</strong></p><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Intensitas dan jumlah repetisi</strong></em></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Intensitas berkaitan dengan besarnya beban yang diaplikasikan sehingga menghasilkan kon-traksi submaksimal atau maksimal. Oleh karena itu berdasarkan intensitasnya maka latihan dibedakan atas : latihan maksimal dan submaksimal. Latihan maksimal ditujukan pada peningkatan strength & power, latihan submaksimal ditujukan pada peningkatan endurance otot. Untuk menentukan berat beban yang harus di-angkat pada awal program latihan maka diguna-kan metode RM (Repetisi Maksimum). RM adalah berat beban yang paling besar (mak-simum) dapat digerakkan sampai ROM penuh dengan jumlah repetisi tertentu. DeLorme menggunakan 10 RM, ahli lainnya menggunakan antara 6 RM – 15 RM. Jumlah repetisi latihan dapat ditingkatkan untuk tujuan endurance otot. à umumnya latihan sub-maksimal dengan 3 – 5 set & 40 – 50 x repetisi. Tidak ada penentuan jumlah repetisi untuk pe-ningkatan strength, power & endurance à sedi-kitnya 5 – 6 x repetisi atau sebanyaknya 15 – 20 x repetisi.</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Bout/set latihan</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Bout latihan adalah jumlah atau set yang dilakukan setiap sesion/tahap latihan. Untuk peningkatan strength otot, umumnya digunakan program latihan dengan 3 set – 6 RM, 2 set – 12 RM, 6 set – 3 RM, serta beberapa variasi lainnya.</li></ul></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Frekuensi Latihan</strong></p><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Frekuensi latihan adalah banyaknya latihan yang dilakukan dalam sehari atau dalam 1 minggu. Program latihan yang paling baik adalah latihan yang dilakukan setiap hari atau 4 – 5 x seminggu</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Durasi Latihan</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Durasi latihan adalah total jumlah hari, minggu atau bulan dimana program latihan dilakukan. Untuk peningkatan strength secara bermakna maka program latihan harus dilakukan sekurang-kurangnya 6 minggu.</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kecepatan latihan</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kecepatan latihan berkaitan dengan kecepatan kontraksi otot. Kecepatan kontraksi secara bermakna dapat mempengaruhi ketegangan otot yang dihasilkan à jika kecepatan kontraksi konsentrik meningkat (kecepatan tinggi) maka gaya otot akan menurun. Beberapa penelitian menganjurkan bahwa kece-patan kontraksi eksentrik yang lambat akan menghasilkan gaya otot yang meningkat dari awal sampai akhir.</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Bentuk latihan</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Bentuk latihan adalah tipe kontraksi otot yang di-aplikasikan, apakah statik atau dinamik, konsen-trik atauk eksentrik. Bentuk latihan yang dipilih bergantung pada tipe injury/penyakit, tahap penyembuhan jaringan, kondisi sendi dan toleransi pasien terhadap kompressi atau gerakan, tujuan akhir program latihan, dan aktivitas fungsional yang diinginkan kembali oleh pasien.Pada tahap awal latihan pada injury muskulo-skeletal, sebaiknya diaplikasikan latihan tahanan isometrik. Latihan tahanan eksentrik menjadi indikasi jika perkembangan kekuatan otot sangat jelek atau kontraksi konsentrik menimbulkan nyeri. Jika pasien mengalami kemajuan, biasanya dila-kukan kombinasi kontraksi konsentrik dan eksen-trik. Pada mekanikal REX, dapat terbentuk kontraksi konsentrik dan eksentrik dalam program latihan à pada saat beban diangkat maka terjadi kon-traksi konsentrik & saat diturunkan terjadi kon-traksi eksentrik.</li></ul></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">ROM (Range of Motion)</strong></p><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Latihan tahanan dapat dilakukan melalui ROM penuh (arkus penuh) atau ROM terbatas (arkus pendek). Latihan arkus pendek diaplikasikan pada situasi tertentu à contoh : post-op ligamen cruciatum anterior pada tahap awal diberikan latihan tahanan arkus pendek untuk melindungi ligamen yang sudah diperbaiki (hindari ekstensi penuh).</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Teknik-Teknik Khusus</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Teknik Isotonik</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Teknik DeLorme<div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Ditemukan oleh Tuan DeLorme dengan pen-dekatan progressive resistance exercise.</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Prosedur :</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Menentukan 10 RM : memberikan beban yang paling berat dan dapat digerakkan sampai 10x repetisi.</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Terdiri dari 3 bout/set latihan :</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- 10x repetisi pada beban ½ 10 RM</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- 10x repetisi pada beban ¾ 10 RM</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- 10x repetisi pada beban 10 RM<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></p><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Setiap set latihan istirahat selama 1 menit. Teknik ini menggunakan masa warming-up. Berat beban ditingkatkan setiap minggu.</div></div></li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Teknik Oxford<div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Teknik ini kebalikan dari teknik DeLorme.</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Prosedur :</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/art9C.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Tentukan 10 RM (dengan cara yang sama)</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Terdiri atas 3 bout/set latihan :</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/art9E.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />10x repetisi pada beban 10 RM</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/art9F.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />10x repetisi pada beban ¾ 10 RM</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artA0.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />10x repetisi pada beban ½ 10 RM</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Teknik ini didesain untuk menurunkan tahanan saat otot mengalami kelelahan. Teknik ini berusaha mengurangi efek2 merugikan dari kelelahan</div></li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Teknik DAPRE<div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Teknik DAPRE diperkenalkan oleh Tn. Knight</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Teknik ini lebih obyektif menentukan pening-katan tahanan setiap tahap</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Prosedur :</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artA6.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Menentukan beban kerja/latihan awal (6 RM)</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Terdiri dari 4 bout/set latihan :</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artA8.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Set I : 10x repetisi pada ½ 6 RM</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artA9.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Set II : 6 x repetisi pada ¾ 6 RM</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artAA.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Set III : sebanyak mungkin repetisi pada 6 RM</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artAB.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Set IV : sebanyak mungkin repetisi pada beban berda-sarkan jumlah repetisi pada set 3<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></p><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Jumlah repetisi pada set 4 akan digunakan untuk menentukan beban latihan pada hari berikutnya. Tn. Knight menegaskan bahwa ideal jumlah repetisi maksimum adalah 5 – 7 kali repetisi. Teknik DAPRE dapat mengeliminir penentuan beban kerja/latihan yang semaunya dari hari ke hari. Teknik DAPRE dapat menggunakan free weight atau weight machine.</div></div></li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Weight Training, dll.<div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Weight training adalah program latihan yang didesain untuk peningkatan strength dan endurance otot</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Beberapa tipe latihan dalam weight training adalah :</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artB3.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Power Clean</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artB4.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Power Snatch</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artB5.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Bench Press</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artB6.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Back squats</li></ul></div><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "> *Sit up</li></ul><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artB7.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Dead lift</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artB8.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Alternating Dumbbell Press</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artB9.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Front Raise</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artBA.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Lat Pull Down</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artBB.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Incline Bench Press</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artBC.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Lateral Raise</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artBD.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Push Press</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artBE.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Straight-Arm Lat Pull</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artBF.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Lateral Chest Fly</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artC0.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Leg Press</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><img src="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/DOCUME~1/TEMPAG~1.002/LOCALS~1/Temp/artC1.tmp" alt="*" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " />Quadriceps Bench</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Besarnya beban yang diberikan berdasarkan pada persentase 1 RM</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Zona training strength adalah :<div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">60% – 17x repetisi</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">65% – 14x repetisi</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">70% – 12x repetisi</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">75% – 10x repetisi</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">80% – 8x repetisi</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">85% – 6x repetisi</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">90% – 5x repetisi</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">95% – 3x repetisi</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">100% – 1x repetisi</div></li></ul><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Besarnya beban dan jumlah repetisi yang di-gunakan bergantung pada tujuan yang ingin dicapai :</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">1 – 3 RM untuk tujuan neuromuskular strength</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">4 – 6 RM untuk tujuan maximum strength dgn merangsang hipertropi otot</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">6 – 12 RM untuk tujuan hipertropi dgn pencapai-an strength yang sedang/cukup</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">12 – 20 RM untuk tujuan hipertropi dan enduran-ce otot</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Jumlah repetisi yang paling baik untuk pe-ningkatan strength adalah 4 – 6 RM</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Teknik Isometrik</strong></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Brief Repetitif Isometrik Exercise</li></ul></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. Teknik Isokinetik</strong></div></div></div></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-23065635415534365232010-05-29T04:07:00.001-07:002010-05-29T04:07:54.960-07:00TERAPI<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><div class="post" id="post-520" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/melatih-otot-otot-oblik/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Melatih Otot-otot Oblik</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 20, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/melatih-otot-otot-oblik/#comments" title="Komentar pada Melatih Otot-otot Oblik" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 komentar - komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Otot-otot oblik atau yang berada pada kedua sisi otot abdominal adalah wilayah yang seharusnya dilatih untuk merampingkan pinggang. Dengan berbaring pada salah satu sisi tubuh dan melakukan gerakan naik turun pada kaki paling atas berulang-ulang, maka masalah lemak perut dapat segera teratasi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Bagi para pemula, gerakan mengangkat kaki tidak terlalu lebar sudah cukup untuk mengencangkan otot-otot oblik. Sementara bagi mereka yang menginginkan lebih banyak lemak yang terbakar, disarankan untuk menekuk bahu ke atas bersamaan dengan saat kaki paling atas diangkat menjauh dari lantai. Meningkatkan jumlah pengulangan gerakan secara bertahap dari hari ke hari juga dapat membakar lemak lebih banyak dan mengencangkan otot oblik.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Berbaring pada sisi tubuh sebelah kiri dengan kedua kaki dirapatkan. Letakkan tangan sebelah kiri, menyilang di depan perut. Tekuk lengan sebelah kanan dengan telapak tangan memegang belakang kepala sehingga sudut siku mengarah ke langit-langit. Cara yang paling mudah, jangan angkat kaki namun angkat bagian sisi tubuh paling atas.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Gunakan otot-otot oblik pada sisi sebelah kiri (bukan lengan kanan Anda), tarik otot abdominal dan angkat bahu sebelah kanan dari atas lantai sekitar 5-8 cm saat mengangkat kaki kanan setinggi 30 cm. Tahan selama 2 detik kemudian turunkan perlahan ke posisi semula. Awali dengan 5-8 kali pengulangan untuk setiap sisi tubuh dan lakukan dalam waktu 15-20 menit. Berikan jeda selama 1 menit setiap kali sebelum memulai pengulangan.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi-latihan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Terapi Latihan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Latihan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam terapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">terapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/otot-abdominal/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">otot abdominal</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/otot-otot-oblik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Otot-otot oblik</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-515" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/terapi-kognitif/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Kognitif</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 20, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/terapi-kognitif/#comments" title="Komentar pada Terapi Kognitif" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 komentar - komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Kognitif terapi adalah metode perawatan psikoterapi yang membantu seseorang mengatasi masalah yang terkait dengan emosi, perilaku dan kognisi melalui metodis dan berorientasi pada tujuan rute.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Banyak teknik yang digunakan dalam terapi kognitif dasar yang sama seperti teori belajar perilaku dan kognitif psikologi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Banyak masalah non-klinis seperti gangguan suasana hati, gangguan kecemasan, gangguan kepribadian, gangguan psikotik, gangguan makan dan gangguan penyalahgunaan zat dapat diobati secara efektif dengan menggunakan terapi kognitif.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Manfaat terapi ini adalah bahwa tidak lama lebar dan dapat ditawarkan pada perorangan atau dalam kelompok. Seseorang juga dapat mengubah teknik yang digunakan dalam terapi sebagai cara self-help. Beberapa terapi berkonsentrasi pada kognitif membantu sementara yang lain berkonsentrasi pada masalah-masalah perilaku.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Terapi kognitif sedang digunakan lebih dan lebih untuk membantu pelaku kriminal dalam upaya untuk mengurangi perilaku kriminal. Banyak penjara dan penjara-penjara di banyak negara memiliki program terapi kognitif sebagai bagian dari rehabilitasi penjara.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Terapi yang berorientasi kognitif berkonsentrasi pada identifikasi dan pemantauan pikiran, keyakinan, asumsi dan perilaku yang mengarah ke emosi negatif. Selain itu, pasien diajarkan untuk mengidentifikasi pikiran-pikiran, keyakinan, asumsi dan perilaku yang disfungsi dan tidak menolong dan kemudian menggantinya dengan orang-orang yang lebih bermanfaat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Terapi kognitif percaya dalam menghadapi masa kini dan menghilangkan gejala. Terapi ini telah terbukti sangat bermanfaat bagi orang yang menderita pasca-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsesif kompulsif (OCD), bulimia nervosa dan depresi klinis. Bahkan, kemujaraban dari terapi ini telah terbukti berkali-kali dan sering yang lebih disukai dibandingkan metode pengobatan untuk perawatan lainnya psikodinamik.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/psikologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Psikologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Psikologi Kesehatan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sosiologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Sosiologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sosiologi Kesehatan</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam terapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">terapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kognitif-terapi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kognitif terapi</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/masalah-non-klinis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">masalah non-klinis</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/perawatan-psikoterapi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">perawatan psikoterapi</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-273" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/02/manajemen-fisioterapi-pada-gangguan-fisik-dan-kemampuan-fungsional-post-sectio-caesaria/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Manajemen Fisioterapi Pada Gangguan Fisik dan Kemampuan Fungsional Post Sectio Caesaria</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 2, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/02/manajemen-fisioterapi-pada-gangguan-fisik-dan-kemampuan-fungsional-post-sectio-caesaria/#comments" title="Komentar pada Manajemen Fisioterapi Pada Gangguan Fisik dan Kemampuan Fungsional Post Sectio Caesaria" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">1 tanggapan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Post%20Sectio%20Caesaria.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-357" title="Post Sectio Caesaria" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a31.jpg?w=520&h=354" alt="" width="520" height="354" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " /></a></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Kata “Hamil” bagi anda yang belum pernah mengalaminya mungkin membuat anda penasaran. Dr. Wiku Andonotopo mengatakan, secara medis kehamilan dimulai dari proses pembuahan sel telur oleh spermatozoa. Sel telur akan dibuahi akan berkembang jadi bakal embrio yang kemudian akan mengalami pembelahan sampai menjadi embrio. Bakal janin ini lalu akan menempel di selaput lendir rahim, yeng terletak di rongga rahim. Setelah semua ini terjadi, anda bisa dibilang telah “resmi” hamil.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Pada masa kehamilan terjadi banyak perubahan pada tubuh yang meliputi perubahan pada :<a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">sistem reproduksi</a>, sistem pencernaan, <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">sistem muskuluskeletal</a>, dll. Selain perubahan-perubahan tersebut, masih banyak lagi masalah yang menyertai ibu hamil. Lebih kurang 50 orang ibu meninggal dunia setiap hari karena berbagai masalah yang terkait dengan kehamilan dan persalinan. Hingga saat ini masih banyak ibu yang menderita komplikasi kehamilan yang mengancam kehidupan atau menyebabkan kecacatan berat pada ibu dan anak.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sekarang ini banyak para ibu yang merasa ketakutan untuk melahirkan secara alami atau<a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">persalinan melalui vagina</a>. Ketakutan ini sering oleh karena mendengar cerita-cerita yang mengerikan dari kerabat atau teman-teman tentang pengalaman mereka saat melahirkan bayinya secara alami. Hal ini menyebabkan banyak para calon ibu yang memilih untuk melakukan operasi untuk melahirkan bayinya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sebenarnya pengalaman dari setiap orang akan berbeda tergantung siapa dan bagaimana orang itu menanggapi pengalamannya saat persalinan, yang terbaik adalah setiap calon ibu mempersiapkan dirinya dengan pengetahuan dan kesiapan mental bahwa proses ini adalah proses alamiah dimana tubuh kita juga sudah mempersiapkan untuk semua ini dan tentu saja perlu dukungan moril dari suami dan juga keluarga. Sebenarnya melahirkan dengan operasi atau seksio, ditujukan untuk <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/rontgen-harus-indikasi-medis/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">indikasi medis</a></strong></span> tertentu, yang biasa kita bagi atas indikasi untuk ibu dan indikasi untuk bayi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Semua indikasi itu adalah berdasarkan medis dari ibu atau bayi yang memerlukan tindakan melahirkan secara seksio, tetapi sekarang ini menjadi suatu hal yang baru yang berkembang dalam beberapa kalangan masyarakat, dimana seksio dilakukan bukan karena indikasi medis dari ibu atau bayi, tapi atas dasar permintaan dari calon ibu karena takut melahirkan secara normal/alami.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sectio caesaria adalah suatu cara melahirkan janin dengan sayatan pada dinding uterus melalui dinding depan perut. (Rustam Mochtar, 1992).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sectio caesaria adalah suatu persalinan buatan dimana janin dilahirkan melalui suatu insisi pada dinding depan perut dan dinding rahim dengan syarat rahim dalam keadaan utuh serta berat janini di atas 500 gram (Sarwono, 1991).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Istilah sectio caesaria berasal dari bahasa latin <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">caedere</em> yang artinya memotong. Sedangkan definisi caesaria adalah suatu cara melahirkan janin dengan membuat sayatan pada dinding<span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/?p=542" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">uterus</a></strong></span> melalui dending depan depan perut atau vagina.</p></div></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-45123724385714350142010-05-29T04:06:00.002-07:002010-05-29T04:07:11.478-07:00TENOSYNOVITIS<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/tenosynovitis/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Tenosynovitis</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 16, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/tenosynovitis/#comments" title="Komentar pada Tenosynovitis" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 komentar - komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Tenosynovitis.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-458" title="Tenosynovitis" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a51.jpg?w=270&h=262" alt="" width="270" height="262" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Tenosynovitis adalah peradangan pada selubung berisi cairan (disebut synovium) yang mengelilingi tendon. Gejala tenosynovitis termasuk rasa sakit, bengkak dan kesulitan menggerakkan sendi tertentu di mana terjadi peradangan. Ketika kondisi menyebabkan jari ke “tongkat” dalam posisi tertekuk, ini disebut “stenosing” tenosynovitis, biasa dikenal sebagai “Trigger Finger.”</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Ini biasanya terjadi dengan Tendinitis dan berhubungan dengan stenosing tenosynovitis.<br />Pengobatan untuk tenosynovitis tergantung pada tingkat keparahan dan lokasi peradangan. Tenosynovitis ringan menyebabkan pembengkakan skala kecil dapat diobati dengan non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) seperti diclofenac (dipasarkan sebagai Voltaren dan nama dagang lainnya), diambil untuk mengurangi peradangan dan sebagai analgesik. Occupational terapi fisik atau mungkin juga dapat bermanfaat dalam mengurangi gejala.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Lebih banyak kasus akut diobati dengan kortison (steroid) suntikan, maka kursus parasetamol dan ibuprofen untuk rasa sakit. Rawat jalan operasi dapat digunakan untuk memperbesar synovium. Tendon yang terkilir atau anggota badan adalah membelat selama seminggu atau lebih.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Akupunktur juga dapat digunakan untuk mengobati tenosynovitis.<br />Penyebab tenosynovitis tidak diketahui. Penggunaan ulang alat-alat tangan dapat mendahului kondisi, serta arthritis atau cedera. Tenosynovitis kadang-kadang berjalan dalam keluarga dan umumnya terlihat lebih sering pada laki-laki daripada perempuan. Penyebab untuk anak-anak bahkan kurang dikenal dan memiliki tingkat kekambuhan kurang dari 1-5% setelah perawatan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Tenosynovitis juga terhubung dengan reaktif rematik yang disebabkan oleh bakteri seperti Neisseria gonorrhoae.</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-50673953818910297202010-05-29T04:06:00.001-07:002010-05-29T04:06:42.108-07:00SUMBER FISIS<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><div class="post" id="post-485" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/magnet/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Magnet</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 29, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/magnet/#respond" title="Komentar pada Magnet" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: center; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/magnet.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="size-full wp-image-486 aligncenter" title="magnet" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a14.jpg?w=247&h=247" alt="" width="247" height="247" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; max-width: 600px; " /></a></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Magnet : benda yang dapat menarik besi baja</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">a. Hipotesis Weber</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Magnet elementer –> magnet penyusun. Dibesi magnet elementer > mudah merubah kedudukannya ><> mudah dimagnetkan. Magnet elementer mengarah kearah U – S pada benda magnet, sedang benda elementer padu bukan benda magnet akan membentuk lingkaran tertutup.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">b. Macam-macam magnet</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">- Bentuk : Ladam (kuku), batang, silinder, keping, dll.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">- Terjadinya : magnet alam dan buatan</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">c. Bagian magnet</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Kutup U – S –> letak gaya tarik terbesar</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">d. Pembuatan magnet</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">- Elektromagnetik, magnet dibuat dengan jasa arus listrik secara induksi –> ujung magnet berlawanan dengan ujung magnet yang didekati</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">- Gosokan : Ujung magnet yang terjadi saam dengan ujung magnet yang menggosok.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sumber-fisis/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Sumber Fisis" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sumber Fisis</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/magnet/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam magnet" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">magnet</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/bagian-magnet/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Bagian magnet</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/hipotesis-weber/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Hipotesis Weber</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/macam-macam-magnet/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Macam-macam magnet</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/magnet/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">magnet</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/magnet-elementer/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Magnet elementer</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pembuatan-magnet/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pembuatan magnet</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-377" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/21/teori-partikel-zat/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Teori Partikel Zat</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 21, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/21/teori-partikel-zat/#respond" title="Komentar pada Teori Partikel Zat" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); ">1. Susunan Zat</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Zat/materi tempat atom (partrikel) secara kimiawi tidak dapat diuaraikan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Molekul adalah gabungan 2 atau lebih atom yang sama atau tidak sama. Gerak atom partikel zat –> gerak Brown.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); ">2. Klasifikasi Zat</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Fisika</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Zat konduktor</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Zat semi konduktor</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Zat isolator</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kimiawi</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Unsur (zat tunggal : O2)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Senyawa (compound)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Campuran : sifat asal nampak : pasir, gula (homo-heterogen)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); ">Cara terbentuk zat</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">a. Elektrovalent Compound</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Tarik <–> ion tak sejenis</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sifat : asam – basa kuat, contoh NaCl</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">b. Covalent Compound</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kerjasama atom-atom pembentuknya sehingga kulit terluar masing-masing atom memiliki jumlah atom yang lengkap.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Sifat atom : asam – Basa lemah. Contoh H2O.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">c. Radical compound</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Terbentuk = covalent compound, tetapi jumlah elektron kulit terluarnya belum lengkap sehingga masih dapat menarik unsur lain. Sifat dapat berubah seperti a & b. Contoh : OH</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); ">Elektro Chemical Series (ECS)</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">ECS : deretan logam : K, Na, Zn, (H), Cu, Ag, Pt yang jika dimasukkan dalam suatu larutan, sifat-sifat tertentu.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); ">Sifat-sifat :</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Logam ki H memberi ion ke dalam larutan dan sebaliknya<br /></span></span></li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Logam ki H bermuatan lebih negatif</span></span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "> dibanding larutan dan sebaliknya</span></span></li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Semakin ke ki H cenderung berbentuk ion sedangkan ke kanan cenderung membentuk atom</span></span></li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Semakin jauh dari H semakin besar beda petensialnya.</span></span></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Teori Atom dari Dalton</strong><br /></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Zat terdiri atas atom yaitu partikel terkecil</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Atom tiap unsur sama</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Beberapa atom –> Molekul benda</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Teori Elektron dari Lorenz</strong></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Benda terdiri atas atom –> tak dapat diurai tanpa kehilangan sifat aslinya</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Atom terdiri atas partikel proton, elektron dan neutron</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Partikel sejenis saling tolak dan sebaliknya</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Elektron dapat pindah tempat</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Elektron mudah bergerak dalam benda konduktor</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Atom disebut netrral jika muatan + = – dan sebalikmya. Ion positif : Proton >> dsb.</li></ul></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sumber-fisis/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Sumber Fisis" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sumber Fisis</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/cara-terbentuk-zat/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Cara terbentuk zat</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/elektro-chemical-series/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Elektro Chemical Series</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/klasifikasi-zat/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Klasifikasi Zat</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/susunan-zat/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Susunan Zat</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/teori-atom-dari-dalton/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Teori Atom dari Dalton</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/teori-elektron-dari-lorenz/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Teori Elektron dari Lorenz</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-333" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/11/sumber-fisis/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Sumber Fisis</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 11, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); 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font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/11/sumber-fisis/#comments" title="Komentar pada Sumber Fisis" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 komentar - komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Ruang Lingkup Sumber Fisis</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Dasar-dasar sumber fisis</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Fisika Dasar Sumber Fisis ( Sinar, zat cair, Bunyi, Partikel, Listrik)</span></span></li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Konsep dasar Sumber Fisis</span> (Jenis stimulus, efek stimulus fisis, Interaksi refleks somatik-otonom (stimulasi fisis), rangsang listrik, Neuro fisiologi terapan sumber fisis)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Metodologi Fisioterapi sumber fisis :</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sinar : UV, IRR, Laser</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Zat cair & gas</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">US</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Listrik</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Konsep dasar sumber fisis :</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Sumber fisis merupakan teknologi intervensi –> Energi stimulasi (stressor) pada jaringan : kulit, otot, tendon, tulang, kapsul, Ligamen/fascia, saraf dan pembuluh darah.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Energi Stimulus (stressor) :</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Energi Listrik</span>,</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">untuk fisioterapi, Arus listrik (DC) : DC, IDC, Dynamis, Arus 2-5</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Arus listrik AC : faradic dan sinusoidal, interferensi, TENS.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Tujuan Energi Listrik Stimulasi :Elektro Diag dan Elektro terapi</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Energi Magnetik,</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">untuk fisioterapi : Diathermi (SWD, MWD) dikenal dengan EEM 27 MHz</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Laser (Light, Amplification by stimulation Emission and Radiation)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">IRR</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">UV</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Energi Mekanik,</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">untuk fisioterapi : US</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Exercise Therapi/Movement</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Hidro therapi dengan gerakan air</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Massage dan Manipulasi</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Thermis,</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">untuk fisioterapi : Parafin Bath (panas)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Dingin (Cryo terapi/ice)Balneo therapi, dll</li></ul></div></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-13779367557242969092010-05-29T04:05:00.002-07:002010-05-29T04:06:07.460-07:00SOSIOLOGI KESIHATAN<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><div class="post" id="post-535" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/04/02/individu-dalam-masyarakat/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Individu Dalam Masyarakat</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">April 2, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/04/02/individu-dalam-masyarakat/#respond" title="Komentar pada Individu Dalam Masyarakat" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Manusia sebagai makhluk sosial, tidaklah dapat dipisahkan dari masyarakat. Untuk mempertahankan kewujudannya, manusia perlu berada bersama-sama orang lain dan megadakan interaksi sosial di dalam kelompoknya. Kumpulan yang terkecil tetapi paling dekat dengan kehidupan individu adalah keluarga, yang berupa <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">keluarga batih </strong>(nuclear family) mahupun <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">keluarga luas </strong>(extended family) yang merupakan gabungan dari beberapa keluarga batih. Dalam kalangan yang lebih luas terdapat pelbagai kumpulan sosial berdasarkan letak geografi (rukun tetangga), minat (kelab sukan), profesi (kumpulan tani), serta tahap sosial ekonomi (golongan pekerja), yang terluas ialah <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">masyarakat </strong>iaitu sekumpulan orang yang memiliki identiti sendiri dan mendiami wilayah atau daerah tertentu. Di antara ahli ada bangsa persatuan yang membezakan kelompoknya dari kelompok yang lain, mereka mempunyai norma-norma, syarat dan peraturan yang dipatuhi bersama sebagai satu ikatan dan dijadikan pedoman dalm memenuhi keperluan kumpulan. Agar keperluan di kumpulan dapat berjalan dengan baik dan lancar, maka sering kali individu harus mengubah dan menyesuaikan keinginan peribadinya dengan norma dan tuntutan kumpulan.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sosiologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Sosiologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sosiologi Kesihatan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/interaksi-sosial/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">interaksi sosial </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/keluarga-batih/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">keluarga batih </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/makhluk-sosial/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">makhluk sosial </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/masyarakat/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">masyarakat</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-532" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/emosi-itu-penting/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Emosi Itu Penting ..!!!!</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 26, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/emosi-itu-penting/#comments" title="Komentar pada Emosi Itu Penting..!!!!" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">1 tanggapan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Emosi adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk keadaan mental dan fisiologi yang berkaitan dengan pelbagai perasaan, pikiran, dan perilaku. Emosi adalah pengalaman yang bersifat subjektif, atau dialami berdasarkan sudut pandang individu. Emosi berkaitan dengan konsep psikologi lain seperti suasana hati, temperamen, kepribadian, dan disposisi. <br />Secara umumnya emosi penting untuk manusia kerana ia dapat membantu dan mempermudahkan manusia dalam kehidupan di dunia ini. Antaranya:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kelangsungan hidup </strong>- Emosi merupakan anugerah Allah sebagai sistem kawalan dalaman yang menyelamatkan kita dari bahaya. Contohnya, apabila berjumpa harimau kita akan menunjukkan emosi takut dan dengan itu kita akan memikirkan cara untuk menyelamatkan diri.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Membuat keputusan </strong>- Emosi juga boleh menolong kita membuat keputusan kerana ia merupakan sumber maklumat yang penting. Kajian menunjukkan jika perhubungan emosi seseorang di dalam otak telah rosak, dia tidak boleh membuat keputusan walaupun keputusan yang mudah. Ini kerana dia tidak tahu perasaannya terhadap pilihan yang telah dibuat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Menentukan sempadan dalam perhubungan </strong>- Apabila kita merasa tidak tenteram dengan tingkah laku seseorang emosi akan menyedarkan kita. Dengan itu kita akan menunjukkan perassan tidak suka dan boleh menolong menentukan sempadan di sebelah menghadkan perhubungan agar fizikal dan mental sentiasa terjaga.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Komunikasi </strong>- Emosi juga boleh membantu kita berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Ekpresi muka kita dapat menunjukkan pelbagai jenis emosi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kegembiraan </strong>- Apabila gembira kita akan berasa tenang. Jika kita dapat mengenal pasti emosi dengan lebih baik maka lebih mudah bagi kita untuk menentukan apa yang perlu untuk merasa gembira.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kesatuan </strong>- Emosi adalah universal. Emosi seperti simpati, kasihan, memaafkan dan bekerjasama dapat membantu menyatukan manusia.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Mengurus emosi negatif </strong>- Untuk memperolehi emosi yang sihat kita perlu mengurus emosi yang negatif. Langkah pertama mengenal pasti emosi yang dirasai dan tanyakan diri kita adakah perasaan itu baik atau tidak. Seterusnya tanyakan bagaimana menjadikan perasaan itu lebih baik. Ini akan menolong pemikiran kita ke arah yang lebih positif.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/psikologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Psikologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Psikologi Kesihatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sosiologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Sosiologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sosiologi Kesihatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/emosi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam emosi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">emosi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/komunikasi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">komunikasi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/konsep-psikologi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">konsep psikologi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/emosi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">emosi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kelangsungan-hidup/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kelangsungan hidup </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/membuat-keputusan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Membuat keputusan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kegembiraan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kegembiraan </a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kesatuan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kesatuan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/mengurus-emosi-negatif/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Mengurus emosi negatif</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-515" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/terapi-kognitif/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Kognitif</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 20, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/terapi-kognitif/#comments" title="Komentar pada Terapi Kognitif" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 ulasan - ulasan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Kognitif terapi adalah kaedah penjagaan psikoterapi yang membantu seseorang mengatasi masalah yang berkaitan dengan emosi, perilaku dan kognisi melalui Methodist dan berorientasi pada tujuan laluan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Banyak teknik yang digunakan dalam terapi kognitif dasar yang sama seperti teori belajar perilaku dan kognitif psikologi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Banyak masalah non-klinikal seperti gangguan suasana hati, gangguan kecemasan, gangguan kepribadian, gangguan psikotik, gangguan makan dan gangguan penyalahgunaan zat boleh diubati secara berkesan dengan menggunakan terapi kognitif.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Manfaat terapi ini adalah bahawa tidak lama lebar dan boleh ditawarkan pada individu atau dalam kumpulan. Seseorang juga boleh menukar teknik yang digunakan dalam terapi sebagai cara self-help. Beberapa terapi menumpukan pada kognitif membantu sementara yang lain menumpukan pada masalah-masalah perilaku.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Terapi kognitif sedang digunakan lebih dan lebih untuk membantu pelaku jenayah dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan perilaku jenayah. Banyak penjara dan penjara-penjara di banyak negara mempunyai program terapi kognitif sebagai sebahagian daripada pemulihan penjara.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Terapi yang berorientasikan kognitif menumpukan pada pengenalan dan pemantauan fikiran, keyakinan, andaian dan perilaku yang mengarah ke emosi negatif. Selain itu, pesakit diajar untuk mengenalpasti fikiran-fikiran, keyakinan, andaian dan perilaku yang disfungsi dan tidak menolong dan kemudian menggantikannya dengan orang-orang yang lebih bermanfaat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Terapi kognitif percaya dalam menghadapi masa kini dan menghilangkan gejala. Terapi ini telah terbukti sangat bermanfaat bagi orang yang menderita pasca-Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsesif kompulsif (OCD), Bulimia nervosa dan depresi klinikal. Bahkan, kemujaraban dari terapi ini telah terbukti berkali-kali dan sering yang lebih disukai berbanding kaedah perubatan untuk rawatan lain psikodinamik.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/psikologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Psikologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Psikologi Kesihatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sosiologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Sosiologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sosiologi Kesihatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam terapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">terapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kognitif-terapi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kognitif terapi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/masalah-non-klinis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">masalah non-klinikal </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/perawatan-psikoterapi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">rawatan psikoterapi</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-363" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/perilaku-kesehatan-dan-elemen-elemen-pokoknya/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Perilaku Kesihatan dan Elemen-Elemen Pokoknya</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 19, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/perilaku-kesehatan-dan-elemen-elemen-pokoknya/#respond" title="Komentar pada Perilaku Kesehatan dan Elemen-Elemen Pokoknya" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Masalah <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">kesihatan masyarakat </a>terutama di negara-negara membangun, pada dasarnay melibatkan 2 aspek utama. Yang pertama ialah aspek fizikal, contohnya tersedianya sarana kesihatan dan perubatan penyakit sedangkan yang kedua adalah aspek non-fizikal yang melibatkan perilaku kesihatan. Faktor perilaku ini mempunyai pengaruh yang besar terhadap status kesihatan individu dan masyarakat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Perilaku manusia merupakan hasil daripada segala macam pengalaman serta interaksi manusia dengan lingkungannya yang terwujud dalam bentuk pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan. Dengan kata lain, perilaku merupakan respon / reaksi seorang individu terhadap stimulus yang berasal dari luar maupun dari dalam dirinya. Respon ini dapat berupa pasif (tanpa tindakan: berfikir, berpendapat, bersikap), mahupun aktif (melakukan tindakan). Sesuai dengan batasan ini, perilaku kesihatan boleh dirumuskan sebagai segala bentuk pengalaman dan interaksi individu dengan lingkungannya, khususnya yang melibatkan pengetahuan dan sikap tentang kesihatan serta tindakannya yang berkaitan dengan kesihatan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Perilaku aktif dapatlah dilihat (overt) sedangkan perilaku pasif tidaklah tampak, sepeti contohnya pengetahuan, persepsi, atau motivasi. Beberapa ahli membezakan bentuk-bentuk perilaku misalnya <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Bloom </strong>membezakan antara <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/terapi-kognitif/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">perilaku kognitif </a></strong>(yang melibatkan kesedaran atau pengetahuan), <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">afektif </strong>(emosi), dan <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">psikomotor </strong>(tindakan / gerakan).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Ki Hajar Dewantoro </strong>menyebutnya sebagai cipta (peri akal), rasa (peri rasa), dan karsa (peri tindak). Ahli-ahli yang lain menggunakan istilah pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan yang acap kali disingkat dengan KAP (knowledge attitude practise).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Secara umum sikap boleh dirumuskan sebagai kecenderungan untuk berespon (secara positif dan negatif) terhadap orang, objek atau situasi tertentu. Sikap mengandungi suatu penilaian emosional / afektif (senang, benci, sedih, dll) Disamping komponen kognitif (pengetahuan mengenai objek itu) serta aspek konatif (kecenderungan berindak), sedangkan pengetahuan lebih bersifat pengenalan suatu benda / hal secara objektif. Selain bersifat positif atau negatif, sikap memiliki tingkat kedalaman yang berbeza-beza (sangat benci, agak benci, dll). Sikap itu tidaklah sama dengan perilaku dan kelakuan tidaklah selalu mencerminkan sikap seseorang, sebab sering kali terjadi bahawa seseorang menunjukkan tindakan yang bertentangan dengan sikapnya. Sikap seseorang dapat berubah dengan diperolehnya tambahan maklumat tentang objek tersebut, melalui persuasi serta tekanan dari kumpulan sosialnya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Proses pembentukan atau perubahan perilaku boleh dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai faktor dari dalam dan luar individu. Disamping sistem susunan saraf yang mengawal reaksi individu terhadap segala rangsangan, aspek-aspek di dalam diri individu yang juga sangat berpengaruh dalam pembentukan dan perubahan perilaku adalah persepsi, motivasi dan emosi.<strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Persepsi </strong>adalah pemerhatian yang merupakan gabungan dari penglihatan, pendengaran, penciuman, serta pengalaman masa lalu.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Motivasi </strong>adalah dorongan bertindak untuk memuaskan satu keperluan. Dorongan ini diwujudkan dalam bentuk tindakan / perilaku. Motivasi yang rendah biasanya menghasilkan tindakan yang juga kurang kuat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Selain itu perilaku dipengaruhi pula oleh <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/?p=532" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">emosi </a></strong>atau perasaan individu. Emosi ini berkaitan dengan keperibadian individu</p></div></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-49050314865788368072010-05-29T04:05:00.001-07:002010-05-29T04:05:33.492-07:00SEL-SEL TUBUH<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/meremajakan-sel-sel-tubuh-kita/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Meremajakan Sel-Sel Tubuh Kita</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 15, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/meremajakan-sel-sel-tubuh-kita/#comments" title="Komentar pada Meremajakan Sel-Sel Tubuh Kita" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 ulasan - ulasan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Pengamat kesihatan Medan, dr Faisal Habib berkata, berpuasa dapat meremajakan sel-sel tubuh dan bagi orang yang melaksanakannya. "Pentingnya puasa bagi tubuh iaitu boleh membantu badan dan menetapkan metabolisme dalam membuang sel-sel yang sudah rosak, sekaligus hormon atau pun zat-zat yang melebihi jumlah yang diperlukan tubuh," katanya di Medan, Rabu.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Puasa berfungsi sebagai detoksifikasi untuk mengeluarkan kotoran, toksin atau racun dari dalam tubuh, meremajakan sel-sel tubuh dan mengganti sel-sel yang rosak dengan yang baru serta untuk memperbaiki fungsi hormon, menjadikan kulit sihat dan meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Ia menambah, puasa juga dapat mengawal dan mengurangkan kadar kolesterol serta menurunkan kerja jantung untuk pencegahan terhadap penggumpalan darah yang termasuk penyebab serius panyakit jantung.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Puasa mempunyai banyak hikmah dan manfaat untuk tubuh, ketenangan jiwa, dan kecantikan. Saat berpuasa, organ-organ tubuh dapat berehat dan miliaran sel dalam tubuh boleh menghimpun diri untuk bertahan hidup. Dia menganjurkan untuk berpuasa bagi orang yang terkena penyakit, kerana berpuasa boleh membantu untuk mengubati.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Ustad Zulfahmi Ibnu, pensyarah fakulti Sains Sosial dan Sains Politik Universiti Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, ketika memberikan keterangan secara berasingan berkata, dengan puasa boleh membuat tubuh sihat secara jasmani dan rohani. "Dalam Islam, puasa bulan Ramadhan mahupun puasa sunat di luar Ramadhan membuat kita bisa menjadi lebih takwa dan lebih sabar dalam melatih keimanan," katanya.</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-67757803663011941402010-05-29T04:04:00.000-07:002010-05-29T04:05:02.931-07:00ROENTGEN<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/rontgen-harus-indikasi-medis/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Rontgen Harus Penunjuk Perubatan</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 19, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/rontgen-harus-indikasi-medis/#comments" title="Komentar pada Rontgen Harus Indikasi Medis" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">1 tanggapan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">KUMALA (65) harus di-roentgen untuk memastikan penyakit yang dideritanya. Hanya saja ia belum melakukan hal yang sama. Ada kekhawatiran untuk mengikuti perintah doktor mengingati kesan sinar itu sering dianggap berbahaya. "Katanya kalau kita sering rontgen boleh menyebabkan kanser," ujarnya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Apa yang dikhuatiri Kumala juga sering kita alami. Menurut dr Hengky Indradjaja, kebimbangan itu memang beralasan. Sinar X yang digunakan untuk foto roentgen merupakan sinar yang dapat menyebarkan radiasi. Namun demikian, manfaat yang didapat dari teknologi itu lebih banyak berbanding risikonya. Jadi jika dilakukan dengan betul dan untuk kepentingan perubatan, tidak masalah, "tegasnya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Kalaupun bayi harus melakukan roentgen untuk tujuan diagnosis, tetap harus dijalankan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Akan tetapi harus diingat bahawa permintaan foto roentgen harus berasal dari doktor yang mengendalikan. "Contohnya telah mempertimbangkan masak-masak manfaat dan merosot," jelas Hengky.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Ia menjelaskan, saat ini penyelidikan mengenai penggunaan sinar radiasi tersebut terus dilakukan untuk mengurangkan kemungkinan kesan negatif daripada sinaran radiasi, termasuk sinar X (sinar roentgen).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Ditambah, teknologi roentgen sudah digunakan lebih dari seabad lalu. Tepatnya sejak 8 November 1890 ketika ahli fizik terkemuka berkebangsaan Jerman, Conrad Roentgen, termasuk sinar yang tidak dikenalinya, yang kemudian diberi label sinar X. Sinar itu mampu menembusi bahagian tubuh manusia, sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memotret bahagian-bahagian dalam tubuh, yang kemudian dijadikan sebagai alat diagnosis untuk asas perubatan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Teknologi sinar roentgen pun dianggap sebagai satu penemuan yang mampu membantu banyak orang, terutama untuk menganalisis dan mendiagnosis suatu keadaan demi penyembuhan suatu penyakit. Namun demikian radiasi yang ditimbulkan dalam proses penyinaran roentgen disinyalir mengandung kekuatan radioaktif yang boleh berbahaya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Oleh itu, sinar X yang "ditembakkan" untuk memotret bahagian dalam organ tubuh seharusnya benar-benar dalam komposisi tepat. "Jika tidak, teknologi ini justru bisa memicu kanser, sebab fungsi dari sinar X adalah mematikan pertumbuhan atau malah memicu pertumbuhan sel. Nah, jika pertumbuhan sel tersebut liar, itulah yang disebut dengan kanser, "ujar Hengky.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Selain itu, penggunaan sinar roentgen yang terlalu sering atau dengan dos besar, juga boleh berpengaruh pada fungsi seksual.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Untuk itu, walaupun pengunaan sinar roentgen yang banyak dilakukan sekarang sudah melalui kajian mendalam, anda meminimalisasi dampak negatif penggunaan sinar roentgen, prosedur tetap harus dilalui dengan baik. "Untuk meminimalisasi efek radiasinya," ujar Hengky.<br />Yang juga tidak kalah penting, jangan biasakan setiap ada gejala penyakit selalu minta foto roentgen. Foto roentgen yang terlalu sering juga tidak baik.</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-64937289567446930952010-05-29T04:03:00.002-07:002010-05-29T04:04:30.419-07:00PSIKOLOGI KESIHATAN<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><div class="post" id="post-527" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/teori-dan-faktor-yang-mempengaruhi-perkembangan/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Teori dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Perkembangan</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">April 1, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/teori-dan-faktor-yang-mempengaruhi-perkembangan/#respond" title="Komentar pada Teori dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Perkembangan" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Teori perkembangan manusia</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Teori Navitisme (schopen haner)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Perkembangan manusia ditentukan oleh faktor nativis iaitu faktor turunan (dibawah sejak lahir)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Teori Emperisme (John Locke)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Perkembangan manusia ditentukan oleh empirinya atau pengalamannya</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. Teori konvergensi (William Stern)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Perkembangan manusia ditentukan baik oleh faktor bawaan maupun pengalaman atau persekitaran.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Faktor endogen adalah faktor yang dibawa sejak lahir (terbitan), misalnya yang berkaitan dengan keadaan jasmani: temperamen (darah, kelenjar, cecair), <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/21/faktor-endogen-yang-mempengaruhi-perkembangan-manusia/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sanguinikus, flegmatikus, cholerikus, melancholikus </a>. <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">(Hipocrates & Genus; dalam Bigot dkk 1950)</strong></em></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Faktor eksogen adalah faktor dari luar individu (pengalaman, pendidikan, alam sekitar atau mileu)</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/psikologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Psikologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Psikologi Kesihatan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/faktor-eksogen/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Faktor eksogen </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/faktor-endogen/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Faktor endogen </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/teori-emperisme/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Teori Emperisme </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/teori-konvergensi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Teori konvergensi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/teori-navitisme/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Teori Navitisme</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-532" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/emosi-itu-penting/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Emosi Itu Penting ..!!!!</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 26, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/emosi-itu-penting/#comments" title="Komentar pada Emosi Itu Penting..!!!!" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">1 tanggapan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Emosi adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk keadaan mental dan fisiologi yang berkaitan dengan pelbagai perasaan, pikiran, dan perilaku. Emosi adalah pengalaman yang bersifat subjektif, atau dialami berdasarkan sudut pandang individu. Emosi berkaitan dengan konsep psikologi lain seperti suasana hati, temperamen, kepribadian, dan disposisi. <br />Secara umumnya emosi penting untuk manusia kerana ia dapat membantu dan mempermudahkan manusia dalam kehidupan di dunia ini. Antaranya:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kelangsungan hidup </strong>- Emosi merupakan anugerah Allah sebagai sistem kawalan dalaman yang menyelamatkan kita dari bahaya. Contohnya, apabila berjumpa harimau kita akan menunjukkan emosi takut dan dengan itu kita akan memikirkan cara untuk menyelamatkan diri.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Membuat keputusan </strong>- Emosi juga boleh menolong kita membuat keputusan kerana ia merupakan sumber maklumat yang penting. Kajian menunjukkan jika perhubungan emosi seseorang di dalam otak telah rosak, dia tidak boleh membuat keputusan walaupun keputusan yang mudah. Ini kerana dia tidak tahu perasaannya terhadap pilihan yang telah dibuat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Menentukan sempadan dalam perhubungan </strong>- Apabila kita merasa tidak tenteram dengan tingkah laku seseorang emosi akan menyedarkan kita. Dengan itu kita akan menunjukkan perassan tidak suka dan boleh menolong menentukan sempadan di sebelah menghadkan perhubungan agar fizikal dan mental sentiasa terjaga.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Komunikasi </strong>- Emosi juga boleh membantu kita berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Ekpresi muka kita dapat menunjukkan pelbagai jenis emosi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kegembiraan </strong>- Apabila gembira kita akan berasa tenang. Jika kita dapat mengenal pasti emosi dengan lebih baik maka lebih mudah bagi kita untuk menentukan apa yang perlu untuk merasa gembira.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kesatuan </strong>- Emosi adalah universal. Emosi seperti simpati, kasihan, memaafkan dan bekerjasama dapat membantu menyatukan manusia.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Mengurus emosi negatif </strong>- Untuk memperolehi emosi yang sihat kita perlu mengurus emosi yang negatif. Langkah pertama mengenal pasti emosi yang dirasai dan tanyakan diri kita adakah perasaan itu baik atau tidak. Seterusnya tanyakan bagaimana menjadikan perasaan itu lebih baik. Ini akan menolong pemikiran kita ke arah yang lebih positif.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/psikologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Psikologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Psikologi Kesihatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sosiologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Sosiologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sosiologi Kesihatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/emosi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam emosi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">emosi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/komunikasi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">komunikasi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/konsep-psikologi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">konsep psikologi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/emosi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">emosi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kelangsungan-hidup/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kelangsungan hidup </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/membuat-keputusan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Membuat keputusan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kegembiraan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kegembiraan </a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kesatuan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kesatuan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/mengurus-emosi-negatif/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Mengurus emosi negatif</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-528" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/21/faktor-endogen-yang-mempengaruhi-perkembangan-manusia/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Faktor endogen yang Mempengaruhi Perkembangan Manusia</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 21, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/21/faktor-endogen-yang-mempengaruhi-perkembangan-manusia/#comments" title="Komentar pada Faktor Endogen yang Mempengaruhi Perkembangan Manusia" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 ulasan - ulasan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Menurut seorang pemikir Greek kunodan murid Hypocrates (ahli perubatan) yang bernama Claudius Galenus (129-200) mengadakan tipologi berdasarkan temperamen, iaitu atas dasar cecair-cecair yang terdapat dalam tubuh iaitu ada 4:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Jenis sanguinikus</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Orang-orang yang bertipe sanguinikus merupakan orang-orang yang memiliki darah (sangai) banyak dalam tubuhnya. Perasaan dasar (stemming asas) orang demikian adalah riang dan optimis. Hal-hal yang positif pada mereka antara lain adalah percaya kepada diri sendiri, tidak takut menghadapi masa depan, dengan menyesuaikan diri, gerak dan bicaranya banyak, dan dengan memuat inisiatif. Sedangakan yang negatifnya, antara lain sifatnya mendatar, perasaanya tidak stabil, kurang konsekuen, hidupnya kurang teratur, dan reaksinya tidak difikirkan dalam-dalam.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Jenis melankholikus</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Orang yang mempunyai taip melankholikus memiliki banyak empedu hitam (melankhole) dalam tubuhnya. Perasaan dasarnya adalah sedih sehingga keadaanya kebalikan dari taip sanguinikus. Segi negatifnya adalah mereka selalu ketakutan, perasaanya mudah tersentuh, sukar menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya, dan sikapnya kurang bergairah. Segi positifnya adalah berhati-hati dalam tindakannya, konsekuen, dengan menepati janji, dan stabil jiwanya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. Jenis kholerikus</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Orang yang bertipe kholerikus, dalam tubuhnya banyak terdapat empedu kuning (kholert), dengan perasaan dasarnya selalu merasa kurang puas. Segi-segi negatifnya lebih banyak daripada positifnya antara lain selalu gelisah, mudah emosional, mau menang terus atau menang sendiri, objektivitasnya kurang, kurang punya reserve atas perasaanya sendiri, kurang rasional, dan mudah tersinggung. Segi positifnya, perasaanya hebat dan kuat, kesukaran diatasi dengan tenaga yang berlebihan dan banyak inisiatif dalam usahanya</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">4. Jenis flegmatikus</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Orang-orang taip flegmatikus dalam tubuhnya terdapat banyak lendir dengan perasaan dasarnya tenang, neutral, dan tidak ada warna perasaannya yang jelas. Segi positifnya, antara lain tidak banyak ketegangan perasaan, dengan merasa memiliki harapan-harapan yang hebat, tidak emosional, tidak mudah terharu, tidak mudah panic, bersikap tertib dan teratur, dan mudah mengampuni. Segi negatifnya, antara lain perasaanya tidak begitu kuat, sejuk hati, penyesuaian terhadap persekitaran selalu terlambat, pernannya reaktif atau pasif, menjemukan, dan bersikap agak konservatif.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/psikologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Psikologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Psikologi Kesihatan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tipe-flegmatikus/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Jenis flegmatikus </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tipe-kholerikus/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Jenis kholerikus </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tipe-melankholikus/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Jenis melankholikus </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tipe-sanguinikus/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Jenis sanguinikus</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-515" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/terapi-kognitif/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Terapi Kognitif</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 20, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/terapi-kognitif/#comments" title="Komentar pada Terapi Kognitif" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 ulasan - ulasan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Kognitif terapi adalah kaedah penjagaan psikoterapi yang membantu seseorang mengatasi masalah yang berkaitan dengan emosi, perilaku dan kognisi melalui Methodist dan berorientasi pada tujuan laluan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Banyak teknik yang digunakan dalam terapi kognitif dasar yang sama seperti teori belajar perilaku dan kognitif psikologi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Banyak masalah non-klinikal seperti gangguan suasana hati, gangguan kecemasan, gangguan kepribadian, gangguan psikotik, gangguan makan dan gangguan penyalahgunaan zat boleh diubati secara berkesan dengan menggunakan terapi kognitif.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Manfaat terapi ini adalah bahawa tidak lama lebar dan boleh ditawarkan pada individu atau dalam kumpulan. Seseorang juga boleh menukar teknik yang digunakan dalam terapi sebagai cara self-help. Beberapa terapi menumpukan pada kognitif membantu sementara yang lain menumpukan pada masalah-masalah perilaku.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Terapi kognitif sedang digunakan lebih dan lebih untuk membantu pelaku jenayah dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan perilaku jenayah. Banyak penjara dan penjara-penjara di banyak negara mempunyai program terapi kognitif sebagai sebahagian daripada pemulihan penjara.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Terapi yang berorientasikan kognitif menumpukan pada pengenalan dan pemantauan fikiran, keyakinan, andaian dan perilaku yang mengarah ke emosi negatif. Selain itu, pesakit diajar untuk mengenalpasti fikiran-fikiran, keyakinan, andaian dan perilaku yang disfungsi dan tidak menolong dan kemudian menggantikannya dengan orang-orang yang lebih bermanfaat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Terapi kognitif percaya dalam menghadapi masa kini dan menghilangkan gejala. Terapi ini telah terbukti sangat bermanfaat bagi orang yang menderita pasca-Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsesif kompulsif (OCD), Bulimia nervosa dan depresi klinikal. Bahkan, kemujaraban dari terapi ini telah terbukti berkali-kali dan sering yang lebih disukai berbanding kaedah perubatan untuk rawatan lain psikodinamik.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/psikologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Psikologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Psikologi Kesihatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sosiologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Sosiologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sosiologi Kesihatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/terapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam terapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">terapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kognitif-terapi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kognitif terapi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/masalah-non-klinis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">masalah non-klinikal </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/perawatan-psikoterapi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">rawatan psikoterapi</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-509" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/memahami-psikologi-kesehatan/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Memahami Psikologi Kesihatan</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 20, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/memahami-psikologi-kesehatan/#respond" title="Komentar pada Memahami Psikologi Kesehatan" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Harapannya semua orang berada dalam keadaan sihat. Sehat (Arab "Al-Shihah"), dalam Islam bukan hanya merupakan sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan masalah fizikal (jasmani), melainkan juga secara psikis (jiwa). Kerana itulah Islam memperkenalkan konseps al-Shihhah wa al-afiyat (lazim diucapkan sihat wal'afiat). Maksud dari konsep itu iaitu suatu keadaan sihat di mana seseorang mengalami kesihatan yang sempurna, jasmani, dan rohani atau fizikal dan psikis.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Psikologi Kesihatan dibangunkan untuk memahami pengaruh psikologi terhadap bagaimana seseorang menjaga dirinya agar tetap sehat, dan mengapa mereka menjadi sakit dan untuk menerangkan apa yang mereka lakukan ketika mereka jatuh sakit.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Selain mempelajari hal-hal tersebut di atas, psikologi kesihatan mempromosikan campur tangan untuk membantu orang agar tetap sehat dan juga mengatasi kesakitan yang dideritanya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Psikologi kesihatan tidak mendefinisikan "sihat" sebagai tidak sakit. Sehat dilihat sebagai pencapaian yang melibatkan keseimbangan antara kesejahteraan fizikal, mental dan sosial. Psikologi kesihatan mempelajari selruh aspek kesihatan dan sakit sepanjang rentang hidup. Psikologi kesihatan tumpuan pada pemeliharaan dan peningkatan kesihatan, seperti bagaimana mendorong anak mengembangkan kebiasaan hidup sihat, bagaimana meningkatkan aktiviti fizikal, dan bagaimana merancang suatu kempen yang boleh mendorong orang lain memperbaiki pola makannya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Psikologi Kesihatan juga mempelajari aspek-aspek psikologi dari pencegahan dan rawatan sakit. Seorang psikologi kesihatan contohnya, membantu mereka yang bekerja di persekitaran yang mempunyai tahap stress yang tinggi untuk menguruskan stress dengan berkesan, sehingga tekanan yang dialami di persekitaran kerja tidak menjejaskan kesihatan mereka. Seorang psikolog kesihatan juga boleh bekerja dengan mereka yang sedang menderita suatu penyakit agar dapat menyesuaikan mental dan fizikal mereka dengan penyakit tersebut atau untuk mematuhi treatment yang direka oleh doktor yang merawatnya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Psikolog kesihatan juga fokus pada etiologi dan kaitannya dengan kesihatan, sakit dan disfungsi. Etiologi merujuk pada asal dan penyebab sakit, dan psikolog kesihatan secara khusus tertarik pada faktor-faktor perilaku dan sosial yang menyumbang kesihatan dan sakit dan disfungsi. Faktor-faktor tersebut meliputi kebiasaaan yang membatalkan atau menunjang kesihatan seperti pengambilan alkohol, merokok, sukan, mengenakan sabuk keselamatan, dan cara-cara 'berkawan' dengan stress.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Pada akhirnya, psikolog kesihatan menganalisa dan berusaha meningkatkan system penjagaan kesihatan dan merumuskannya dalam dasar kesihatan. Psikologi kesihatan mempelajari kesan institusi kesihatan dan tenaga perubatan dan paramedis terhadap perilaku orang dan mengembangkan cadangan untuk meningkatakan penjagaan kesihatan.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/psikologi-kesehatan/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Psikologi Kesehatan" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Psikologi Kesihatan</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/aktivitas-fisik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">aktiviti fizikal </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kesejahteraan-fisik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">kesejahteraan fizikal </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/peningkatan-kesehatan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">peningkatan kesihatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/psikologi-kesehatan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Psikologi Kesihatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sehat/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sehat </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tingkat-stress-yang-tinggi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">tingkat stress yang tinggi</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-360" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/pengertian-psikologi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Pengertian Psikologi</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 18, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/pengertian-psikologi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Pengertian Psikologi" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Psikologi berasal dari kata <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Psyche = Jiwa, Logos = Ilmu</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Psikologi adalah ilmu mempelajari tentang jiwa</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Perbezaan Psikologi dengan Ilmu Jiwa</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">1. Psikologi</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Istilah untuk ilmu pengetahuan</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Diperoleh secara sistematik dan menggunakan kaedah saintifik</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Ilmu jiwa menurut norma-norma ilmiah moden</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">2. Ilmu Jiwa</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Istilah bahasa indonesia</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Segala pemikiran, tanggapan, khayalan, dan spekulasi</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Ilmu jiwa pada umumnya</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Arti Jiwa menurut para ahli:</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">- Aristotle</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Anima vegetativa (jiwa pada tumbuhan), makan dan minum</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Anima sentitiva (Jiwa pada haiwan): berpindah tempat, nafsu, mengamati dan menyimpan pengalaman.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Anima intelektiva (Jiwa pada manusia): berfikir dan berkemauan.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">- KI hajar Dewantara</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kekuatan yang menyebabkan: manusia dapat hidup, berfikir, perasaan, berkehendak (budi), Mengerti atau insaf akan gerak jiwanya.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Pengertian Psikologi menurut para ahli:</strong></p><ol style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">S. Freud </span>: Psikologi adalah ilmu tentang ketidaksadaran manusia.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Descartes dan Wundt (Davidoff, 1981) </span>, Psikologi adalah ilmu tentang kesedaran manusia.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Branca (1964) & Sartain DKK (1967) </span>: Psikologi adalah ilmu tentang tingkah laku (overt behavior & inner behavior).</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Woodworth & Marquis (1975) </span>: Psikologi adalah ilmu tentang aktiviti-aktiviti individu (motorik, kognitif dan emosional).</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Morgan dkk (1984) </span>: Psikologi adalah ilmu tentang tingkah laku manusia dan haiwan.</li></ol><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Ciri-ciri psikologi</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Mempunyai objek tertentu</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Objek material = Manusia</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Objek formal = Jiwa / psikis</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Kaedah pendekatan / kajian tertentu</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. Sistematik yang teratur</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">4 Mempunyai sejarah atau daripada tertentu.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Tugas psikologi sebagai ilmu:</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Mengadakan keterangan (menggambarkan secara jelas masalah yang dipersoalkan)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Menerangkan (menjelaskan keadaan yang mendasari terjadinya peristiwa tersebut)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. Menyusun teori (mencari dan merumuskan undang-undang / syarat hubungan keadaan pertama dengan keadaan lain).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">4. Ramalan (meramalkan gejala atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">5. Pengendalian (menetapkan peristiwa atau gejala)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Pendekatan terhadap psikologi</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Psikologi</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">perilaku</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">kognitif</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">psikoanalitik</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">fenomenologi</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">neurobiologi</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Bidang psikologi</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Psikologi faal</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Psiokologi perkembangan</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Psikologi Sosial</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Psikologi pendidikan</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Psikologi kepribadian</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">psikologi klinikal</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Psikologi industri</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><a href="http://http//evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/memahami-psikologi-kesehatan/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Psikologi kesihatan</a></li></ul></div></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-32071512332205193922010-05-29T04:03:00.001-07:002010-05-29T04:03:53.438-07:00PENYAKIT PARKINSON<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/penyakit-parkinson/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Penyakit Parkinson</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 16, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/penyakit-parkinson/#comments" title="Komentar pada Penyakit Parkinson" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 ulasan - ulasan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/penyakit%20Parkinson.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-447" title="penyakit Parkinson" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a33.jpg?w=238&h=287" alt="" width="238" height="287" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Penyakit Parkinson adalah satu penyakit degeneratif pada sistem saraf, yang ditandai dengan adanya<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Tremor </em>pada saat berehat, kesulitan untuk memulakan pergerakan dan simpulan otot.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Parkinson menyerang sekitar 1 diantara 250 orang yang berusia diatas 40 tahun dan sekitar 1 dari 100 orang yang berusia diatas 65 tahun.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Penyakit Parkinson bukanlah penyakit menyebar. Penyakit Parkinson adalah keadaan di mana daya kawalan otot seseorang itu merosot dengan teruknya sehinggakan pengidapnya tidak mampu mengurus diri sendiri. Penyakit Parkinson adalah satu keadaan di mana otot berpandu memaksa seseorang untuk memburuk dianiaya Orang yang mempunyai TBC yang tidak dapat mengatur diri mereka sendiri.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Gejala Parkinson berlaku secara senyap dan kebanyakan pesakit tidak menyedari mereka menghadapi masalah ini. Gejala Parkinson berlaku diam-diam dan kebanyakan pesakit tidak menyedari bahawa mereka mempunyai masalah ini. Biasanya, pasangan (suami atau isteri) adalah orang pertama menyedari gejala ini. Biasanya, pasangan (suami atau isteri) adalah orang pertama yang mengenali gejala-gejala ini.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Puncak Parkinson yang dikenali penyakit Sebagai orang tua masih belum diketahui secara tepat tetapi dipercayai ada kaitan rapat dengan keturunan, dan hampir 10 peratus pesakit mewarisinya daripada keluarga mereka. Penyebab penyakit Parkinson, yang dikenali sebagai orang tua masih belum tepat diketahui tapi diyakini berkorelasi erat dengan keturunan, dan hampir 10 peratus pesakit mewarisi dari keluarga mereka. Manakala 90 peratus lagi masih misteri, walaupun disyaki ia ada kaitan dengan faktor alam sekitar, terutama kandungan Racun rumpai dan serangga dalam makanan. Sementara 90 peratus masih misteri, walaupun dipercayai berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor persekitaran, terutamanya racun perosak dan gulma kandungan dalam makanan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Penyakit Parkinson bukannya gejala semula jadi pada orang tua dan pengidapnya boleh menikmati tahap kesihatan yang baik sekiranya mendapat rawatan. Gejala penyakit Parkinson berbanding ibubapa alami dan Orang yang mempunyai TBC dapat menikmati kesihatan yang baik harus mencari rawatan. Adalah penting untuk tidak cepat putus asa atau berasa rendah diri kerana pengidap penyakit Parkinson masih ada peluang untuk menjalani kehidupan sempurna. Hal ini penting untuk tidak cepat putus asa atau merasa rendah hati kerana orang-orang dengan penyakit Parkinson masih memiliki kesempatan untuk hidup sempurna.</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-22739030143538327932010-05-29T04:02:00.000-07:002010-05-29T04:03:23.483-07:00PENYAKIT BATU GINJAL<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/kenali-penyakit-batu-ginjal/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Kenali Penyakit Batu Ginjal</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 18, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/kenali-penyakit-batu-ginjal/#comments" title="Komentar pada Kenali Penyakit Batu Ginjal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">1 tanggapan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Penyakit kencing batu adalah keluarnya batu-batu yang sangat kecil saat buang air kecil hingga terkadang mirip pasir. Gejala kencing batu sangat bervariasi, mulai dari tanpa gejala sampai nyeri pinggang. Selain itu, kencing boleh berdarah, boleh juga tidak.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Umumnya, gejala penyakit kencing batu / batu ginjal yang banyak dikenal orang adalah munculnya nyeri / sengal pada pinggang belakang bahagian atas atau tepatnya di bawah iga terkini (baca: kolik ginjal). Pada taraf tertentu sakit yang ditimbulkan berupa nyeri menusuk-nusuk, menjalar ke arah samping mengikuti alur saluran kencing. Kadang gejala tersebut diikuti buang air kecil tidak lancar dan nyeri, air seni berwarna kemerahan seperti air daging, dan boleh disertai mual dan demam.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Penyebab kencing batu bermacam-macam, antara lain aspek genetic (faktor keturunan), bentuk anatomi saluran kencing yang tidak normal sehingga menyebabkan aliran air seni yang mengandungi kalsium terhenti dan lama-kelamaan terakumulasi menjadi batu, peningkatan kalsium dalam air seni kerana mobilisasi kalsium tulang akibat seseorang tidak boleh bergerak lagi, misalnya kerana lumpuh, air kencing yang terlalu pekat, yang terjadi akibat kebiasaan kurang minum sehingga air seni sedikit dan pekat. Selain itu, makanan dan minuman yang kurang higienis, berkadar kalsium oksalat quality, misalnya makanan dari olahan susu, softdrink, makanan berkadar garam tinggi, makanan manis, vitamin C dosis tinggi, kopi, teh kental memacu terbentuknya air seni pekat sehingga memudahkan terjadinya endapan pada ginjal.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Konsumsi vitamin C dan D dosis tinggi atau sekitar 100-300 mg pada seseorang yang secara genetik berbakat, akan memudahkan terbentuknya batu sebab dalam vitamin C kandungan kalsium oksalatnya quality, sedangkan vitamin D dosis tinggi meningkatkan serapan kalsium ke dalam usus. Di samping itu, ubat-ubatan untuk kanser (ubat sintetik) mempermudah terbentuknya batu kerana meningkatkan asam urat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Batu (calculi) berasal dari hasil penapisan zat-zat buangan dari dalam tubuh oleh ginjal yang tidak dapat dikeluarkan bersama air seni sehingga mengendap di kandung kemih, piala ginjal atau piramid ginjal dan mengakibatkan terbentuknya batu ginjal jika di dalam ginjal dan batu saluran kencing jika di dalam saluran kencing. Adanya batu pada pundi kencing atas menjadi punca utama gagal ginjal. Pembentukan batu yang terjadi perlahan itu dipengaruhi oleh tingginya kadar asam urat, kalsium oksalat, dan zat-zat lain pencetus terbentuknya batu seperti mukoprotein, berkurangnya kadar zat inhibitor (pencegah terbentuknya batu), misalnya sitrat, adanya jangkitan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Jenis batu bermacam-macam bergantung bahan pembentuknya dan tempat terbentuknya, misalnya kalsium oksalat, kalsium fosfat, asam urat, batu sistin yang terjadi akibat faktor genetik, batu magnesium amonium fosfat (struvit), batu matrix, santin. Begitu juga bentuk dan warna batu, ada yang hitam, coklat, putih, halus, kasar / tajam sehingga dapat melukai saluran kencing.</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-14269245090923493302010-05-29T04:01:00.000-07:002010-05-29T04:02:47.157-07:00PEMERIKSAAN FISIOTERAPI<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><div class="post" id="post-463" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/28/palpasi-jaringan-lunak-deltoid-dan-musculus-trapezius/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Palpasi Jaringan Lunak Deltoid dan Musculus Trapezius</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 28, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/28/palpasi-jaringan-lunak-deltoid-dan-musculus-trapezius/#respond" title="Komentar pada Palpasi Jaringan Lunak Deltoid dan Musculus Trapezius" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 153); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Musculus Deltoid</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Musculus%20Deltoid.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-464" title="Musculus Deltoid" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a6.jpg?w=248&h=259" alt="" width="248" height="259" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Deltoid ini berkaitan dengan bursa subdeltoidea dan Rotator cuff serta mempunyai gejala klinik yang penting sebab berkaitan dengan gejala umum dari patologi bursitis. Deltoid juga boleh mengalami atropi sekunder akibat dari injury pada shoulder. Kerosakan nervus axillaris boleh disebabkan oleh dislokasi yang boleh juga mengakibatkan atropi otot dan kehilangan tonus.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Pemeriksaan fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/musculus-deltoid/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Musculus Deltoid </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gejala-klinik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">gejala klinik </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/patologi-bursitis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">patologi bursitis </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/atropi-otot/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">atropi otot</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-445" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/27/pemeriksaan-sistem-extrapyramidalis/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan Sistem Extrapyramidalis</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 27, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/27/pemeriksaan-sistem-extrapyramidalis/#respond" title="Komentar pada Pemeriksaan Sistem Extrapyramidalis" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sistem extrapyramidalis adalah sekelompok otot yang terletak pada pangkalan otak, dihubungkan dengan kawalan aktiviti motorik volunteer. Manifestasi klinik lesi extrapyramidalis dibagi dalam 2 kategori asas iaitu: Hipokinetik (parkinsonisme) dan Hiperkinetik (Tremor, atetosis, korea, balismus dan distonia).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Bentuk Pemeriksaan Extrapyramidalis</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 128, 128); ">1. Manifestasi Hipokinetik</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 128, 128); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Salah satu penyakit extrapyramidalis terlazim iaitu Parkinson dan dua gambaran paling khas dari parkinson iaitu ricih dan baradikinesia. Menurut Dr. Wartenberg <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/penyakit-parkinson/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">penyakit Parkinson </a>biasa timbul tanpa Tremor, tetapi tidak pernah tanpa ricih. Bentuk pemeriksaan untuk manifestasi hipokinetik sbb:</span><br /></span></p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Pemeriksaan fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/aktivitas-motorik-volunteer/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">aktiviti motorik volunteer </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/basis-otak/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">basis otak </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/hiperkinetik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Hiperkinetik </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/hipokinetik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Hipokinetik </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/penyakit-parkinson/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">penyakit parkinson </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-extrapyramidalis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sistem extrapyramidalis</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-405" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/pemeriksaan-fungsi-dalam-fisioterapi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan Fungsi dalam Fisioterapi</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 25, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/pemeriksaan-fungsi-dalam-fisioterapi/#comments" title="Komentar pada Pemeriksaan Fungsi dalam Fisioterapi" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">1 tanggapan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Pemeriksaan fungsi adalah pemeriksaan yang dilakukan terhadap alat gerak tubuh melalui suatu gerakan tertentu untuk menegakkan diagnostik / <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/pemeriksaan-pada-dislokasi-shoulder-anterior/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">problematik fisioterapi </a>pada alat gerak tubuh yang mengalami gangguan tubuh (an. De Wolf 1987).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Dengan melakukan gerakan tertentu, pesakit akan menyatakan Keluhannya dan berdasarkan aduan tersebut pemeriksa boleh menganalisis struktur atau rangkaian mana yang mengalami gangguan. Pemeriksaan fungsi bersifat lebih objektif oleh kerana ia merupakan hasil rekonstruksi di mana struktur yang dipercayai mangalami gangguan ikut terlibat dalam gerakan tertentu di depan pemeriksa.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Pemeriksaan fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan fisioterapi </a>, <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Uncategorized" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Uncategorized</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/alat-gerak-tubuh/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">alat gerak tubuh </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksa/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pemeriksa </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fungsi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pemeriksaan fungsi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/problematik-fisioterapi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">problematik fisioterapi</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-373" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/palpasi-jaringan-lunak-pectoralis-mayor-dan-musculus-biceps-brachii/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Palpasi Jaringan Lunak Pectoralis Major dan Musculus Biceps Brachii</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 20, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/palpasi-jaringan-lunak-pectoralis-mayor-dan-musculus-biceps-brachii/#respond" title="Komentar pada Palpasi Jaringan Lunak Pectoralis Mayor dan Musculus Biceps Brachii" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 51, 0); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Musculus Pectoralis Major</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Musculus%20Pectoralis%20Mayor.png" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-374" title="Musculus Pectoralis Mayor" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a1.png?w=252&h=252" alt="" width="252" height="252" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Musculus pectoralis mayor </a>adalah sangat penting kerana dalam beberapa keadaan menunjukan keadaan kongenital, salah satu atau kedua-duanya. Kedua-dua kepala pectoralis mayor mempunyai origo yang menyebar secara menyeluruh dari sternum ke dua per tiga medial clavicula, dimana hal ini menentukkan sisi medial dari kumpulan deltopectoral. Pectoralis mayor kemudian berinsertio pada lapisan luar dari kumpulan bicipital dari humerus dan kemudian membentuk dinding anterior dari axilla.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Kita dapat mempalpasi pectoralis mayor sambil menyemak axilla. Palpasi turun pectoralis mayor secara bilateral, dikonsentrasikan pada bahagian medial otot itu dan gunakan kelima jari untuk bekerja diatas permukaan otot itu. Hubungan kostochondral hanya pada bahagian lateral dari sternum dan palpasi diteruskan ke musculus pectoralis mayor. Hubungannya bisa kecil atau membesar jika terjadi trauma atau Sindrom tietze (costochondritis). Gerakan ke depan dari insertio musculus pectoralis mayor dan tandanya menyilang pada celah bicipital dari humerus di atas insertionya pada lapisan luar. Jika ada tenderness, boleh dibezakan dengan tenderness dari kumpulan otot lain dan tenderness dari kumpulan otot itu sendiri. Rangkaian yang ada di atas musculus pectoralis mayor dan membentuk buah dada ditutupi oleh fascia pada bahagian anteriornya. Periksa ada tidaknya pembengkakan atau pembesaran pada rangkaian di saat mempalpasi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Biceps Brachii</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Biceps%20Brachii.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-455" title="Biceps Brachii" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a41.jpg?w=185&h=300" alt="" width="185" height="300" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Biceps berada lebih dipermukaan sehingga lebih mudah untuk dipalpasi ketika elbow Fleksi. Kadang-kadang kaput longum musculus Biceps boleh mengalami kerobekan pada origonya, berkerut seperti bola di bahagian tengah dari humerus sehingga menunjukkan perbezaan bentuk pada otot ini dan boleh dibandingkan dengan sisi disebelahnya. Disaat mempelpasi bahagian distal yang merupakan awal dari tendo musculus ini dan menyilang di elbow joint serta berinsertio di tuberositas bicipital pada Os Radius. Kemudian palpasi bahagian proksimalnya hingga dirasakan adanya sulcus bicipitalis dan tendo caput longum musculus biceps sebagai kelanjutannya. Pada hujung proksimal musculus biceps biasanya sukar berlaku <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/tenosynovitis/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">tenosynovitis </a>dan dislokasi caput longum musculus biceps di sulcus bicipitalis. Tendonya dengan dipalpasi ketika shoulder luaran putaran.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Pemeriksaan fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/axilla/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Axilla </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kostochondral/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">kostochondral </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/musculus-pectoralis-mayor/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Musculus pectoralis mayor </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sindroma-tietze/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Sindrom tietze </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tenderness/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">tenderness </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tenosynovitis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tenosynovitis</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-456" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/tenosynovitis/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Tenosynovitis</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 16, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/tenosynovitis/#comments" title="Komentar pada Tenosynovitis" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 ulasan - ulasan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Tenosynovitis.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-458" title="Tenosynovitis" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a51.jpg?w=270&h=262" alt="" width="270" height="262" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Tenosynovitis adalah peradangan pada selubung mengandungi cecair (disebut synovium) yang mengelilingi tendon. Gejala tenosynovitis termasuk rasa sakit, bengkak dan kesulitan untuk menggerakkan sendi tertentu di mana terjadi peradangan. Ketika keadaan menyebabkan jari ke "tongkat" dalam kedudukan tertekuk, ini disebut "stenosing" tenosynovitis, biasa dikenali sebagai "Trigger Finger."</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Ini biasanya terjadi dengan Tendinitis dan berkaitan dengan stenosing tenosynovitis. <br />Perubatan untuk tenosynovitis bergantung pada tahap keparahan dan lokasi peradangan. Tenosynovitis ringan menyebabkan pembengkakan skala kecil dapat dirawat dengan non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) seperti diclofenac (dipasarkan sebagai Voltaren dan nama dagang lain), diambil untuk mengurangkan keradangan dan sebagai analgesik. Occupational terapi fizikal atau mungkin juga dapat bermanfaat dalam mengurangkan gejala.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Lebih banyak kes akut dirawat dengan kortison (steroid) suntikan, maka kursus parasetamol dan ibuprofen untuk rasa sakit. Rawat jalan operasi boleh digunakan untuk memperbesar synovium. Tendon yang terkilir atau ahli badan adalah membelat selama seminggu atau lebih.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Akupunktur juga boleh digunakan untuk mengubati tenosynovitis. <br />Punca tenosynovitis tidak diketahui. Penggunaan semula alat-alat tangan dapat mendahului keadaan, serta arthritis atau kecederaan. Tenosynovitis kadang-kadang berjalan dalam keluarga dan umumnya terlihat lebih sering pada laki-laki daripada perempuan. Penyebab untuk anak-anak bahkan kurang dikenali dan mempunyai tahap kekambuhan kurang dari 1-5% selepas rawatan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Tenosynovitis juga berhubung dengan reaktif rematik yang disebabkan oleh bakteria seperti Neisseria gonorrhoae.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Pemeriksaan fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan fisioterapi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tenosynovitis/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Tenosynovitis" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tenosynovitis</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/akupunktur/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Akupunktur </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/neisseria-gonorrhoae/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Neisseria gonorrhoae </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tenosynovitis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tenosynovitis </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/trigger-finger/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Trigger Finger</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-406" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/pemeriksaan-pada-dislokasi-shoulder-anterior/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan Pada Dislokasi Shoulder Anterior</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 15, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/pemeriksaan-pada-dislokasi-shoulder-anterior/#comments" title="Komentar pada Pemeriksaan Pada Dislokasi Shoulder Anterior" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 ulasan - ulasan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a7.jpeg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-407" title="Anatomi Fungsional" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a7.jpeg?w=116&h=116" alt="" width="116" height="116" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>1. Anatomi Fungsional Dan Biomekanik </strong><br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">a. Shoulder joint </span></em></strong><br />Gerakan-gerakan yang berlaku digelang bahu dimungkinkan oleh sebilangan sendi yang saling berkaitan rapat, contohnya sendi kostovertebral atas, sendi akromioklavikular, permukaan pergeseran skapulotorakal dan sendi glenohumeral atau sendi bahu. Gangguan gerakan dalam sendi bahu sering mempunyai konsekuensi untuk sendi-sendi yang lain di gelang bahu dan sebaliknya. <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/pemeriksaan-pada-dislokasi-shoulder-anterior/#more-406" class="more-link" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; font-size: 11px; ">Baca selanjutnya ...</a></p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Pemeriksaan fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/anatomi-fungsional/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Anatomi Fungsional </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/biomekanika-sendi-bahu/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Biomekanika sendi bahu </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etiologi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">etiologi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/gambaran-klinik/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Gambaran klinik </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/patologi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">patologi</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-305" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/06/palpasi-jaringan-lunak-sternocleidomastoideus-di-area-klinik/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Palpasi Jaringan Lunak (Sternocleidomastoideus) di kawasan Klinik</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 6, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/06/palpasi-jaringan-lunak-sternocleidomastoideus-di-area-klinik/#respond" title="Komentar pada Palpasi Jaringan Lunak (Sternocleidomastoideus) di Area Klinik" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><div id="attachment_306" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: auto; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); text-align: center; display: block; width: 293px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Sternocleidomastoideus.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="size-medium wp-image-306" title="Sternocleidomastoideus" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/b5.jpg?w=283&h=300" alt="" width="283" height="300" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 3px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; text-align: center; ">Musculus Sternocleidomastoideus</p></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Musculus ini sangat penting kerana:</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sering terjadi hematoma yang disebabkan berputarnya leher ke salah satu sisi (leher miring)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pembesaran limpa yang biasa disebabkan kerana adanya jangkitan.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Adanya trauma iaitu injury yang berlebihan pada leher seperti Whiplash injury.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Genggam sternocleidomastoid pada dasarnya dan palpasi panjang ototnya (kedua-dua musculus sternocleidomastoid boleh dipalpasi bersamaan). Otot ini mempunyai dua origo, untuk medial pada manibrium sternum dan lateralnya pada sepertiga bahagian atas clavicula. Kemudian palpasi otot ke arah insersionya iaitu pada processus mastoideus di kepala dan semak juga ada tidaknya pembengkakan limpa. Musculus sternocleidomastoid lebih ke kemuncaknya di atas sisi yang berhadapan ketika kepala diputar, dan musculus ini dapat dipalpasi dengan mudah pada bahagian bawah origonya. Jika pesakit memainkan lehernya pada salah satu sisi, kemudian pada sisi lain. Pada beberapa percubaan otot ini dapat dipalpasi selama kita mempalpasi sternoclavicular joint.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Pemeriksaan fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/infeksi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">jangkitan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/manibrium-sternum/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">manibrium sternum </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pembesaran-limpa/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pembesaran limpa </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sternoclavicular-joint/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">sternoclavicular Joint</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-262" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/27/palpasi-jaringan-lunak-musculus-dibagian-atas-shoulder-girdle-di-area-klinik/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Palpasi Jaringan Lunak (Musculus Dibagian Atas Shoulder Girdle) di kawasan Klinik</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Februari 27, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/27/palpasi-jaringan-lunak-musculus-dibagian-atas-shoulder-girdle-di-area-klinik/#respond" title="Komentar pada Palpasi Jaringan Lunak (Musculus Dibagian Atas Shoulder Girdle) di Area Klinik" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Musculus-musculus pada bahagian shoulder girdle akan dapat teraba secara bilateral sehingga bisa diketahui hubungannya baik berupa ukuran, bentuk, consistancynya dan juga tonusnya. Dengan membandingkan keduanya tidak hanya boleh diketahui kenormalan struktur <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">anatomi </a>nya, juga bentuk yang abnormal, pembengkakan, sekatan atau kelainan musculus tapi juga suhu pesakit.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Dan mungkin didapati tenderness, tapi yang perlu diingat tenderness adalah suatu gejala yang bersifat subjektif yang diberikan oleh pesakit, padahal berbeza dijumpai secara objektif pada saat dipalpasi dan keduanya itu dapat dijadikan bukti.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Palpasi pertama musculus di shoulder pada bahagian anterior, dari bahagian superior ke anterior. Kemudian palpasi dengan cara yang sama musculus di posteriornya.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Pemeriksaan fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/abnormal/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Abnormal </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/anatomi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">anatomi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/shoulder-girdle/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">shoulder girdle </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/temperatur-pasien/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">suhu pesakit </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/tenderness/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">tenderness</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-233" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/21/pemeriksaan-inspeksi-dalam-fisioterapi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan Inspeksi dalam Fisioterapi</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Februari 21, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/21/pemeriksaan-inspeksi-dalam-fisioterapi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Pemeriksaan Inspeksi dalam Fisioterapi" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Untuk melengkapi data suatu pemeriksaan <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">fisioterapi </a></span></span>, perlu pemeriksaan inspeksi. Inspeksi memerlukan kelajuan dan kecermatan menganalisa keadaan pesakit dalam masa yang singkat. Letak inspeksi di dalam didaktik adalah setelah <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">anamnesis </a></span>dan sebelum pemeriksaan fungsi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Tujuan Inspeksi</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Dapat melihat kelainan-kelainan dari rangkaian yang khusus yang ada hubungannya dengan keluhan pesakit.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kemungkinan mendapatkan maklumat tambahan selepas anamnesis sampai kesimpulan sementara.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Cara Pelaksanaan</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Dalam melakukan inspeksi beberapa perkara yang perlu diperhatikan, ialah:</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Membiarkan pesakit membuka pakaiannya dalam keadaan tenang dan terjaga privacinya. Seberapa banyak pakaian yang akan dibuka bergantung dari tujuan pemeriksaan.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Perhatikan tanda-tanda fizikal dan psychis. Sikap sebagai sebahagian bahasa dari tubuh. Seorang pesakit memanifestasikan dirinya lewat tubuh, bukan verbal kepada pemeriksa. Keadaan hati nurani mempengaruhi tubuh. Selama anamnesis sering kita mendapat gambaran bahawa emosi mempunyai pengaruh terhadap pola aduan.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Lakukan inspeksi secara sistematik, dalam keadaan cepat tanpa melupakan kecermatan, sebab diharapkan pesakit sedikit mungkin melakukan perubahan gerak selama inspeksi berlangsung.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Umumnya tidak menyentuh pesakit selama inspeksi, kecuali untuk palpasi struktur tulang pinggul pada inspeksi total.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Turun jarak sedemikian rupa sehinnga mendapat gambaran menyeluruh yang jelas.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Inspeksi semua lokasi dan laporkan bahagian-bahagian yang mempunyai kelainan, bandingkan sikap tersebut dengan sikap <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">anatomi</a>.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Dalam keadaan pesakit tidak biasa berdiri, lakukan pemeriksaan sesuai dengan kemampuannya, misalnya duduk, tidur dll.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Untuk inspeksi total, lakukan berturut-turut dari depan, belakang kemudian sebelah kanan dan kiri. lakukan inspeksi dari arah kaki kearah kepala.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Perhatikan suhu bilik dan ventilasi harus baik. Inspeksi boleh dilakukan dalam keadaan bergerak atau diam, tempatan atau jumlah keseluruhan atau gabungan bergantung dari tujuan.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pada pemeriksaan jumlah keseluruhan diperlukan alat bantu contohnya schietlood.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Adapun hal-hal yang perlu diinspeksi / orientasi sbb:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Kulit dan jaringan di bawah kulit. Pemeriksaan ini merangkumi:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">a) Warna</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Putih pucat, menunjukkan suatu insufiensi dan sirkulasi arteri.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Merah, tanda pendarahan yang terus-menerus dari kulit akibat peradangan akut.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Biru lila umumnya gangguan tempatan pada sirkulasi vena, misalnya Haematom.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kuning kerana gangguan fungsi hati, hepatitis, problem kandung empedu, batu empedu.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kuning hijau, haematom yang lama, hitam tanda nekrose, misalnya akibat ganggren, burger disease.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Coklat, pigmentasi yang meningkat pada kulit, misalnya varicose ulcer.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">b) Rambut gugur atau tumbuh lebat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">c) transpirasi, keadaan kulit, rangkaian parut.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Otot dan tendon boleh diinspeksi dalam bentuk:</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kontur, kelainan yang timbul berupa perubahan ukuran besar / mengecil.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Keadaan kontraksi, pembesaran otot dan tendon bergantung dari ukuran pemakaian, tidak selalu ada latar belakang patologi.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. Struktur tulang</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">4 postur tubuh dibagi atas 4 jenis, iaitu:</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Type atletis </span>, di mana gelang-gelang bahu kuat dan otot-otot berkembang.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Type piknis </span>, pendek dan lebar, leher pendek, kepala agak ke depan, otot lemah dan lemak.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Type leptosom </span>, panjang, kurus, leher panjang, bahu menggantung, otot-otot lemah, dada sempit dan panjang.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Type campuran </span>antara nombor 1,2 dan 3.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dan direkodkan adalah:</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Adakah pesakit berdiri seimbang pada kedua-dua kakinya (kaki mana berat badan banyak menumpu)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Apakah lutut dalam keadaan varus atau Valgus. Bagaimana kedudukan berdiri dan sikap berdiri pesakit. Dari samping, jika kita meletakkan bandul, keseimbangan dari telinga, maka akan ada garis tegak lurus (dalam bayangan garis tersebut akan lewat telinga, tengah, tengah bahu, menembus ke bawah sampai di tengah sendi pinggul dan di tengah sendi lutut dan melewati setinggi sendi calcaneo cuboideal.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">5. Members gerak dan bahagian tubuh yang lain</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kaki:</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Posisi saat kaki berdiri rileks jarak antara kedua-dua kaki kira-kira 10-15 cm. Jumlah jari-jari kaki, kedudukan dari jari-jari dan ibu jari kaki.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kedudukan dari lengkung transversal tapak kaki, kedudukan dari lengkung medial dan kedudukan dari malleolus medial dan lateral.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Warna dari kaki, bentuk dan perubahan kontur dari kaki. Perhatikan juga aktiviti otot sekitar ankle yang boleh meningkat kerana gangguan keseimbangan.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Tungkai bawah, lutut, pinggul, trunk, leher dan bahu, kepala, lengan atas, lengan bawah, pergelangan tangan dan tangan, perhatikan semua bentuk kelainan yang ada.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Pemeriksaan fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pemeriksaan fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/anamnesis/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">anamnesis </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/anatomi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">anatomi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/fisioterapi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Fisioterapi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/inspeksi-total/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">inspeksi total </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/jaringan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">rangkaian </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/keluhan-pasien/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">aduan pesakit </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pemeriksaan </a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-fungsi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pemeriksaan fungsi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemeriksaan-inspeksi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pemeriksaan inspeksi</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-137" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/09/palpasi-jaringan-lunak-axilla-di-area-klinik/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Palpasi Jaringan Lunak (Axilla) di kawasan Klinik</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Februari 9, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/09/palpasi-jaringan-lunak-axilla-di-area-klinik/#respond" title="Komentar pada Palpasi Jaringan Lunak (Axilla) di Area Klinik" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-188" title="a" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a.jpg?w=212&h=150" alt="" width="212" height="150" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Axilla (ketiak) adalah suatu struktur yang berbentuk quadrilateral pyramidal, di mana vena dan saraf untuk extremitas superior lewat.Berdirilah didepan pesakit dan abduksikan lengannya dalam satu tangan, kemudian masukkan jari telunjuk dan jari tengah ke dalam axilla.Setelah itu kembalikan lengan pesakit ke sisi badan dengan rileks dan kemudian tekan kulit dasar dari axilla dan tekankan jari-jari pada bahagian atasnya .. Semak ada tidaknya pembesaran dari kelenjar limpa, di mana akan terasa sesuatu yang kecil, tersendiri dan mungkin agak halus.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Dinding anterior Axilla perisian kerana dibentuk oleh musculus pectoralis mayor begitu juga dengan dinding posterior yang dibentuk oleh musculus latissimus dorsi. Dinding medialnya dibatasi oleh costa kedua hingga keenam dan di atasnya ditutupi oleh musculus seratus anterior dan bahagian lateralnya by sulcus bicipitalis. Glenohumeral joint menggambarkan puncak dari pyramid dan selanjutnya selaput kulit dan fascia dari ketiak sebagai dasarnya. Dinding anterior dan posterior menuju ke lateral di atas sulcus bicipitalis dari humerus dan menyilang ke medial secara bertolak belakang dari dinding thoraks. Saraf besar yang mempersarafi (pleksus brachialis) dan pembuluh darah besar mengaliri (arteri axillaris) extremitas superior melewati puncak dari axilla. Dari dinding medial axilla, tekan jari jari-jari secara gentle ke Costa, dan palpasi musculus serratus anterior. Yang perlu diingat kita harus membandingkan kedua-dua sisi yang berhadapan. Kemudian palpasi dinding lateralnya, iaitu sulcus bicipitalis. Arteri brachialis merupakan struktur nyata yang boleh teraba pada suku lateralnya. Denyutan dapat dirasakan ketika kita menekan dengan gentle iaitu di shaft humerus diantara ropelika musculus coracobrachialis dan caput longum musculus Triceps.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Dinding anterior dan posterior axilla boleh dipalpasi ketika lengan pesakit di abduksikan. Abduksi ini dapat memudahkan kita untuk mempalpasi musculus pectoralis mayor dan latissimus dorsi. Untuk mempalpasi dinding posteriornya, pegang latissimus dorsi diantara ibu jari, jari telunjuk dan jari tengah. Kemudian palpasi musculus latissimus dorsi yang menyebar dari atas ke bawah. Gerakan dinding anterior dan palpasi musculus pectolis mayor secara teliti. Yang perlu ambil perhatian musculus pectoralis cukup luas di mana origonya di clavicula hingga ke sternum dan selanjutnya berinsertio ke humerus. Palpasi musculus latissimus dorsi dan pectoralis mayor untuk mengetahui bagaimana tonus dan keadaannya, kemudahan bandingkan dengan sisi lainnya.</p><div><br /></div></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-49150091561643998452010-05-29T04:00:00.001-07:002010-05-29T04:00:48.372-07:00PERUBATAN FRAKTUR<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/17/pengobatan-fraktur-secara-umum/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Perubatan Fraktur Secara Umum</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 17, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/17/pengobatan-fraktur-secara-umum/#respond" title="Komentar pada Pengobatan Fraktur Secara Umum" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Di Indonesia kematian akibat kemalangan lalu lintas lebih kurang 12000 orang / tahun.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Trauma boleh menyebabkan:</strong></em></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pembiayaan yang sangat besar</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kematian yang sangat tinggi</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Hilangnya waktu kerja yang banyak</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kecacatan sementara dan kekal.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Urut-urutan tindakan trauma:</em></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Bermula awal</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Fasa sebelum masuk rumah sakit</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Fasa rumah sakit</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Triase</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Survei awal</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">A: airway (Saluran nafas)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">B: Breathing (pernafasan)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">C: Circulation (Sirkulasi)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">D: Disability (Evaluasi neurologi)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">E: Exposure (Kawalan persekitaran)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Prinsip-prinsip perubatan fraktur:</strong></em></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Pertolongan pertama</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Jalan nafas, menutup luka dan imobilisasi fraktur sebelum diangkut dengan ambulans.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Penilaian klinikal</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Adakah luka tembus tulang, trauma pembuluh darah / saraf atau ada trauma alat-alat dalam yang lain</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Resusitasi</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kebanyakan pesakit dengan fraktur multipel tiba di rumah sakit dengan syok, sehingga diperlukan resusitasi.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Prinsip umum rawatan fraktur</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Jangan membuat keadaan lebih jelek</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Perubatan berdasarkan atas diagnosis dan prognosis yang tepat</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Seleksi perubatan dengan tujuan khusus menghilangkan nyeri</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Memperoleh kedudukan yang baik dari serpihan</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mengusahakan terjadinya penyambungan tulang</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mengembalikan fungsi secara optimum</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Seleksi perubatan sesuai dengan pesakit secara individu.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Prinsip Perubatan Fraktur</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Recognition</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Diagnosis dan penilaian, penyetempatan fraktur, bentuk fraktur, menentukan teknik yang sesuai dengan perubatan, komplikasi yang mungkin berlaku semasa dan selepas rawatan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Reduction</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">aiigment yang sempurna dan aposisi yang sempurna</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Retention</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/fraktur-cruris/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">imobilisasi fraktur</a></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Rehabilitation</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Mengembalikan aktiviti fungsional semaksimal mungkin.</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-64100056375308339662010-05-29T03:59:00.002-07:002010-05-29T04:00:15.385-07:00FRAKTUR CRURIS<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/fraktur-cruris/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Fraktur Cruris</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 26, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/fraktur-cruris/#comments" title="Komentar pada Fraktur Cruris" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">1 tanggapan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/fraktur-cruris.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-547" title="Fraktur Cruris" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/fraktur-cruris.jpg?w=253&h=202" alt="" width="253" height="202" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Fraktur cruris adalah terputusnya kontinuitas tulang dan ditentukan sesuai jenis dan luasnya, terjadi pada tulang tibia dan fibula. Fraktur terjadi jika tulang dikena stress yang lebih besar dari yang boleh diabsorbsinya. (Brunner & Suddart, 2000)</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Jenis fraktur </strong><br />a. Fraktur komplet: patah pada semua garis tengah tulang dan biasanya mengalami pergeseran. <br />b. Fraktur tidak komplet: patah hanya pada sebahagian dari garis tengah tulang <br />c. Fraktur tertutup: fraktur tetapi tidak menyebabkan robeknya kulit <br />d. Fraktur terbuka: fraktur dengan luka pada kulit atau membran mukosa sampai ke patahan tulang. <br />e. Greenstick: fraktur dimana salah satu sisi tulang patah, sedang sisi lainnya membengkak. <br />f. Transversal: fraktur sepanjang garis tengah tulang <br />g. Kominutif: fraktur dengan tulang pecah menjadi beberapa frakmen <br />h. Depresi: fraktur dengan fragmen patahan terdorong ke dalam <br />i. Mampatan: Fraktur dimana tulang mengalami kompresi (terjadi pada tulang belakang) <br />j. Patologik: fraktur yang terjadi pada daerah tulang oleh ligamen atau tendo pada daerah perlekatannnya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Etiologi </strong><br />a. Trauma <br />b. Gerakan pintir mendadak <br />c. Kontraksi otot ekstem <br />d. Keadaan patologis: osteoporosis, neoplasma</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Manifestasi Klinik </strong><br />a. Nyeri terus menerus dan bertambah beratnya sampai serpihan tulang diimobilisasi, hematoma, dan edema <br />b. Deformitas kerana adanya pergeseran fragmen tulang yang patah <br />c. Terjadi pemendekan tulang yang sebenarnya kerana kontraksi otot yang melekat diatas dan dibawah tempat fraktur <br />d. Krepitasi akibat gesekan antara fragmen satu dengan lain <br />e. Pembengkakan dan perubahan warna tempatan pada kulit</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Pemeriksaan Penunjang </strong><br />a. Pemeriksaan foto radiologi dari fraktur: menentukan lokasi, luasnya <br />b. Pemeriksaan jumlah darah lengkap <br />c. Arteriografi: dilakukan bila kerusakan vaskuler disyaki <br />d. Kreatinin: trauma otot meningkatkanbeban kreatinin untuk klirens ginjal <br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Penatalaksanaan</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">a. Penurunan fraktur terbuka atau tertutup: tindakan manipulasi fragmen-fragmen tulang yang patah sedapat mungkin untuk kembali seperti letak semula. <br />b. Imobilisasi fraktur <br />Dapat dilakukan dengan fiksasi eksterna atau interna <br />c. Mempertahankan dan mengembalikan fungsi <br />? Penurunan dan imobilisasi harus dipertahankan sesuai keperluan <br />? Pemberian analgetik untuk mengerangi nyeri <br />? Status neurovaskuler (misal: peredarandarah, nyeri, perabaan gerakan) dipantau <br />? Latihan isometrik dan setting otot diusahakan untuk meminimalakan atrofi disuse dan meningkatkan peredaran darah</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Komplikasi </strong><br />a. Mal union: tulang patah telahsembuh dalam posisi yang tidak seharusnya. <br />b. Delayed union: proses penyembuhan yang terus berjlan tetapi dengan kelajuan yang lebih lambat dari keadaan normal. <br />c. Non union: tulang yang tidak menyambung kembali</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Pengkajian </strong><br />1. Pengkajian primer <br />- airway <br />Adanya sumbatan / obstruksi jalan nafas oleh adanya penumpukan Sekret akibat kelemahan reflek batuk <br />- Breathing <br />Kelemahan menelan / batuk / melindungi jalan napas, timbulnya pernafasan yang sulit dan / atau tak teratur, suara nafas terdengar ronchi / aspirasi <br />- Circulation <br />TD dapat muzik atau meningkat, hipotensi terjadi pada tahap lanjut, takikardi, bunyi jantung normal pada tahap awal, disritmia, kulit dan membran mukosa pucat, dingin, sianosis pada tahap lanjut <br />2. Pengkajian sekunder <br />a.Aktivitas / berehat <br />? kehilangan fungsi pada bahagian yangterkena <br />? Keterbatasan mobiliti <br />b. Sirkulasi <br />? Hipertensi (kadang dilihat sebagai respon nyeri / ansietas) <br />? Hipotensi (respon terhadap kehilangan darah) <br />? Tachikardi <br />? Penurunan nadi pada bahagian distal yang cidera <br />? Cailary refil melambat <br />? Pucat pada bahagian yang terkena <br />? Masa hematoma pada sisi kecederaan <br />c. Neurosensori <br />? Kesemutan <br />? Deformitas, krepitasi, pemendekan <br />? kelemahan <br />d. Kemudahan <br />? nyeri tiba-tiba saat cidera <br />? spasme / kram otot <br />e. Keselamatan <br />? laserasi kulit <br />? perdarahan <br />? perubahan warna <br />? pembengkakan tempatan</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-42477535694956978572010-05-29T03:57:00.000-07:002010-05-29T03:58:09.241-07:00FRAKTUR<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/10/definisi-fraktur/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Definisi Tentang Fraktur</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Februari 10, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/10/definisi-fraktur/#respond" title="Komentar pada Definisi Mengenai Fraktur" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a4.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-210" title="a4" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a4.jpg?w=150&h=112" alt="" width="150" height="112" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Fraktur adalah kehilangan kesinambungan tulang, tulang rawan sendi, tulang rawan epifisis baik bersifat total mahupun separa.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Patofisiologi </strong><br />Umumnya fraktur terjadi kerana kegagalan tulang menahan tekanan, terutama tekanan membengkok, memainkan dan tarikan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Trauma penyebab fraktur boleh bersifat: <br />1. Trauma langsung <br />- Fraktur terjadi di daerah yang mengalami tekanan langsung <br />- biasanya kopmunitif <br />- rangkaian perisian mengalami kerosakan <br />2. Trauma tidak langsung <br />- trauma dihantarkan dari daerah yang lebih jauh dari fraktur <br />- rangkaian perisian utuh</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Tekanan pada tulang dapat berupa: <br />1. tekanan berputar <br />2. tekanan membengkok <br />3. tekanan sepanjang aksis tulang <br />4. mampatan menegak <br />5. trauma langsung disertai dengan pertahanan pada satu jarak tertentu <br />6. fraktur oleh kerana gemuk <br />7. trauma kerana tarikan ligamen atau tendo.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Klasifikasi Fraktur terbahagi kepada:</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1.Klasifikasi Etiologis</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Fraktur traumatik berlaku akibat trauma tiba-tiba</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Fraktur patologis iaitu berlaku kerana kelemahan tulang akibat adanya kelainan patologi pada tulang</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Fraktur Stress berlaku akibat trauma yang terus-menerus pada suatu daerah tertentu.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Klasifikasi Klinis</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Fraktur Tertutup iaitu fraktur yang tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan dunia luar.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Fraktur Terbuka iaitu iaitu fraktur yang berkaitan dengan dunia luar melalui luka.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Fraktur dengan komplikasi iaitu fraktur yang disertai dengan komplikasi seperti jangkitan, mal-union, delayed union, non-union.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. Klasifikasi Radiologis</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Berdasarkan penyetempatan, terdiri atas Diafiseal, Metafiseal, Intra-articuler dan fraktur dengan dislokasi.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Berdasarkan konfigurasi, terdiri atas fraktur transversal, fraktur oblik, fraktur uli, fraktur Z, fraktur komunitif, fraktur baji, fraktur avulsi, fraktur depresi, fraktur impaksi, fraktur pecah (burst), Fraktur segmental dan Fraktur epifisis.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Berdasarkan sambungan, terdiri atas Fraktur total, fraktur tidak total (crack), Fraktur turus atau Buckle, Fraktur garis rambut dan Fraktur greenstick.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Berdasarkan hubungan antara fragmen dengan fragmen lain terdri atas fraktur tidak bergeser dan Fraktur bergeser (bersampingan, Angulasi, putaran, Distraksi, Over-riding, impaksi).</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: center; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a12.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="size-medium wp-image-208 aligncenter" title="a1" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a12.jpg?w=300&h=240" alt="" width="300" height="240" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; max-width: 600px; " /></a><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a21.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-209" title="a2" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a21.jpg?w=300&h=240" alt="" width="300" height="240" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; " /></a></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Diagnosis Fraktur</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Anamnesis</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Daripada Trauma</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Daripada penyakit lain (tumor, infeksi, kelainan kongenital, dll)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Pemeriksaan Fizikal</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Pada pemeriksaan awal perhatikan:</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Syok, anemia, perdarahan.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kerosakan pada organ lain.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Faktor predisposisi.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. Pemeriksaan Tempatan</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">a) Inspeksi</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Keadaan umum</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Ekspresi wajah</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">bandingkan dengan bahagian yang sihat</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">perhatikan kedudukan ahli gerak</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">adanya luka</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">perhatikan adanya deformitas ahli gerak</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">keadaan vaskularisasi</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">keadaan mental</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">b) Palpasi</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Lakukan dengan hati-hati</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Nyeri tekan</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Krepitasi</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pulsasi arteri dan mengisi kapilari</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Lakukan pengukuran panjang tungkai</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">c) Pergerakan</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pergerakan aktif</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pergerakan pasif</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">d) Pemeriksaan neurologi</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Saraf deria</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Saraf motoris</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Catat gradasi kerosakan saraf</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">e) Pemeriksaan Radiologis</strong></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Foto polos<a href="javascript:void(0)">Publish Post</a></li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pemeriksaan radiologis lain (tomographi, CT-Scan, MRI, radioisotop Scanning)</li></ul></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-2380405925979526942010-05-29T03:55:00.001-07:002010-05-29T03:55:41.362-07:00NEUROLOGI<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><div class="post" id="post-446" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/penyakit-parkinson/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Penyakit Parkinson</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 16, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/penyakit-parkinson/#comments" title="Komentar pada Penyakit Parkinson" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 ulasan - ulasan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/penyakit%20Parkinson.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-447" title="penyakit Parkinson" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a33.jpg?w=238&h=287" alt="" width="238" height="287" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Penyakit Parkinson adalah satu penyakit degeneratif pada sistem saraf, yang ditandai dengan adanya<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Tremor </em>pada saat berehat, kesulitan untuk memulakan pergerakan dan simpulan otot.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Parkinson menyerang sekitar 1 diantara 250 orang yang berusia diatas 40 tahun dan sekitar 1 dari 100 orang yang berusia diatas 65 tahun.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Penyakit Parkinson bukanlah penyakit menyebar. Penyakit Parkinson adalah keadaan di mana daya kawalan otot seseorang itu merosot dengan teruknya sehinggakan pengidapnya tidak mampu mengurus diri sendiri. Penyakit Parkinson adalah satu keadaan di mana otot berpandu memaksa seseorang untuk memburuk dianiaya Orang yang mempunyai TBC yang tidak dapat mengatur diri mereka sendiri.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Gejala Parkinson berlaku secara senyap dan kebanyakan pesakit tidak menyedari mereka menghadapi masalah ini. Gejala Parkinson berlaku diam-diam dan kebanyakan pesakit tidak menyedari bahawa mereka mempunyai masalah ini. Biasanya, pasangan (suami atau isteri) adalah orang pertama menyedari gejala ini. Biasanya, pasangan (suami atau isteri) adalah orang pertama yang mengenali gejala-gejala ini.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Puncak Parkinson yang dikenali penyakit Sebagai orang tua masih belum diketahui secara tepat tetapi dipercayai ada kaitan rapat dengan keturunan, dan hampir 10 peratus pesakit mewarisinya daripada keluarga mereka. Penyebab penyakit Parkinson, yang dikenali sebagai orang tua masih belum tepat diketahui tapi diyakini berkorelasi erat dengan keturunan, dan hampir 10 peratus pesakit mewarisi dari keluarga mereka. Manakala 90 peratus lagi masih misteri, walaupun disyaki ia ada kaitan dengan faktor alam sekitar, terutama kandungan Racun rumpai dan serangga dalam makanan. Sementara 90 peratus masih misteri, walaupun dipercayai berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor persekitaran, terutamanya racun perosak dan gulma kandungan dalam makanan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Penyakit Parkinson bukannya gejala semula jadi pada orang tua dan pengidapnya boleh menikmati tahap kesihatan yang baik sekiranya mendapat rawatan. Gejala penyakit Parkinson berbanding ibubapa alami dan Orang yang mempunyai TBC dapat menikmati kesihatan yang baik harus mencari rawatan. Adalah penting untuk tidak cepat putus asa atau berasa rendah diri kerana pengidap penyakit Parkinson masih ada peluang untuk menjalani kehidupan sempurna. Hal ini penting untuk tidak cepat putus asa atau merasa rendah hati kerana orang-orang dengan penyakit Parkinson masih memiliki kesempatan untuk hidup sempurna.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/neurologi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Neurologi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Neurologi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/penyakit-parkinson/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam penyakit parkinson" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">penyakit parkinson</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/faktor-faktor-lingkungan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">faktor-faktor persekitaran </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/penyakit-degeneratif/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">penyakit degeneratif </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/penyakit-parkinson/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">penyakit parkinson </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-saraf/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">sistem saraf</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-431" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/motor-unit/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Motor Unit</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 15, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/motor-unit/#respond" title="Komentar pada Motor Unit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/motor%20unit.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-432" title="motor unit" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a11.jpg?w=276&h=227" alt="" width="276" height="227" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Sebuah motor unit adalah satu motor neuron dan semua serat otot yang sesuai itu innervates; semua serat ini akan menjadi taip yang sama (baik cepat atau lambat berkedut berkedut). Ketika unit motor dihidupkan, semua serat kontrak. Kumpulan unit motor sering bekerja sama untuk menyelaras kontraksi pertama otot; semua unit motor yang berkhidmat satu otot pun dianggap sebagai unit motor renang. Unit motor besar memiliki berkedut kuat ketegangan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Jumlah serat otot dalam setiap unit boleh berbeza-beza: otot paha bisa punya seribu serat dalam setiap unit, otot mata mungkin sepuluh. Secara umum, jumlah serat otot innervated oleh unit motor adalah fungsi dari keperluan otot untuk gerakan halus. Semakin kecil unit motor, yang lebih tepat tindakan otot. Otot memerlukan gerakan yang lebih halus innervated oleh unit motor yang sinaps dengan lebih sedikit serat otot.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Akson sel saraf sangat tipis, sekitar 1 mikrometer. Namun, mereka sangat lama. Bagi banyak akson neuron motor lebih dari satu meter panjang, memanjang dari tulang belakang ke sel otot. Mereka meregangkan tulang belakang untuk meningkatkan ketinggian.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Dalam ujian electrodiagnostic perubatan untuk pesakit dengan kelemahan, analisis hati-hati "potensi aksi unit motor" (MUAP) ukuran, bentuk, dan pola rekrutmen dapat membantu dalam membezakan sebuah miopati dari neuropati.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/anatomi-manusia/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Anatomi manusia" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Anatomi manusia </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/neurologi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Neurologi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Neurologi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/miopati/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">miopati </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/motor-neuron/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">motor neuron </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/motor-unit/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">motor unit </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/neuropati/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">neuropati </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/serat-otot/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">serat otot</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-428" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/nervus-medianus/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Nervus Medianus</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 15, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/nervus-medianus/#comments" title="Komentar pada Nervus Medianus" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">1 tanggapan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Saraf median saraf pada manusia dan haiwan lain. Hal ini di atas dahan. Ini adalah salah satu daripada lima saraf utama yang berasal dari pleksus brakialis.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Saraf median dibentuk dari bahagian medial dan lateral tali pleksus brakialis, dan terus ke bawah lengan untuk memasukkan lengan bawah dengan arteri brakialis.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Tersebut berasal dari pleksus brakialis dengan akar dari C5, C6, C7, C8, & T1.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Saraf median adalah satu-satunya saraf yang melewati terowong Karpal, di mana mungkin disalut menyebabkan carpal tunnel syndrome.</p></div></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-49824208481143165102010-05-29T03:54:00.000-07:002010-05-29T03:55:01.161-07:00URUTAN<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><div class="post" id="post-266" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/28/pengertian-dari-pemijatan/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Pengertian dari pemijatan</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Februari 28, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/28/pengertian-dari-pemijatan/#respond" title="Komentar pada Pengertian dari Pemijatan" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a51.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-268" title="a5" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a51.jpg?w=167&h=220" alt="" width="167" height="220" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Kesusasteraan kesihatan itu tidak mempunyai definisi yang luas mengenai pemijatan. Sebuah kamus kesihatan dari 1880, memberikan tentang: "pemijatan", dari Greek, ertinya meramas bererti memijat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">William Murrel </strong>(1853-1912) dari Edinburg dan London, menulis dalam masa yang sama. Kurang umum dan lebih jelas ketika dia mendefinisikan <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pemijatan </a>iaitu "bentuk ilmiah dari sesuatu yang menyenangkan dalam bentuk penyakit tapi jelas sebenarnya keperluan untuk sebuah sistem di dalam penggunaannya. Bahagian pengertian dari pemijatan tidak terhad. Pada masa yang sama. Douglas Graham dari Boston, menulis tahun 1884-1918, berkata pemijatan "sebuah syarat yang secara umum diterima oleh doktor Eropah dan Amerika untuk menandakan prosedur kumpulan yang biasanya menggunakan tangan, seperti pergesekan, meramas, manipulasi, mengguling, dan mengetuk rangkaian luaran tubuh dalam pelbagai macam cara, salah satunya dengan menyembuhkan, meringankan atau mengikut objek ilmu kesihatan. Douglas Graham lebih banyak daripada Murrnell (dalam mengenai adanya keinginan syarat sebuah definisi) dan terbatas pada tangan, meliputi permukaan rangkaian luaran dan objektif menjadi menyembuhkan meringankan dan menurut <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">ilmu kesihatan</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">EAG Kleen dari Sweden, sejaman dengan Graham menyekat kawasan meliputi rangkaian perisian. Alber Hoffa (1859-1907) dari Jerman, juga menyekat cara pemijatan pada tangan tapi lebih meliputi pada dasar kegunaannya. Dia menambahnya kepada semua prosedur mekanikal yang boleh menghilangkan penyakit.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Pada masa yang sama, JB Zabludowski dar jerman (1851-1906) juga menyekat cara pada tangan tapi lebih khusus, kelayakan mengenggam tangan, cekatan dan secara sistematik diberikan pada tubuh. Sementara menyekat gerakan kelayakan mengenggam tangan, Zabludowski mangakui penggunaan system.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">C. Herman Bucholz, dia tidak menyebutkan tangan dan cara yang lain pada cadangan manipulasinya pada rangkaian perisian untuk tujuan terapeutik.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Even James B. Mannel (1880-1957), yang memberikan sumbangan besar telah membuat ilmu pemijatan sampai sekarang. Walaupun ia tidak memberikan definisi muzik.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Pada 1932, John S. Coulren (1885-1949), berkata "pemijatan manipulasi termasuk manipulasi dari rangkaian dan organ tubuh untuk tujuan <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/27/komunikasi-terapeutik/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">terapeutik</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "></p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/massage/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam Massage" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Massage</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pemijatan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pemijatan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/pergesekan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pergesekan </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/manipulasi/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">manipulasi </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/mengetuk-jaringan-eksternal-tubuh/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">mengetuk rangkaian luaran tubuh </a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ilmu-kesehatan/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">ilmu kesihatan</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-144" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/11/sejarah-teknik-pemijatan/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Sejarah Teknik pemijatan</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Februari 11, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/02/11/sejarah-teknik-pemijatan/#respond" title="Komentar pada Sejarah Teknik Pemijatan" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a2.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-201" title="a" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/a2.jpg?w=225&h=259" alt="" width="225" height="259" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Pemijatan </a>adalah salah satu teknik perubatan pada rekam perubatan yang lebih awal dan digunakan untuk menyambung daripada berikutnya.Tulisan dari <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">fisioterapis</a>, ahli falsafah, penyair dan ahli-ahli sejarah menunjukkan bahawa meminyaki atau memberi salep telah digunakan oleh masyarakat biasa dan manusia purba sejak zaman dahulu kala.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Hippocrates (460-380 SM) </strong>dalam perbincangan perubatan dislokasi shoulder yang diikuti penurunan, berkata, <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">"pemijatan adalah keperluan untuk menggosok bahu dengan lembut dan halus" </em>. Seorang fisioterapis harus berpengalaman dalam segala hal, tetapi juga menjamin dalam pengurutan, untuk sesuatu hal dengan nama yang sama tidak mempunyai kesan yang sama. Mengurut boleh mengikat kembali sendi yang lepas dan melonggarkan sendi yang juga susah bergerak sekalipun.Bagaimanapun, keadaan dari shoulder dapat dilihat dari pijatan atau pengurutan dengan tangan halus dan lembut tapi sendi akan berpindah / bergeser tidak keras, tapi sejauh ini <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">pemijatan </a>boleh dilakukan tanpa perlu menimbulkan nyeri.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Banyak tertulis dalam sejarah kesihatan, pemujatan atau latihan gerak badan tidak ditunjukkan secara bersama dan ada perbezaan kecil dalam kesusasteraan di antara keduanya. Kleen (1847-1923) dari Sweden, yang buku pedomannya diterbitkan tahun 1895, sebagai yang pertama membuktikan dengan tuntas pemijatan, bukan <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">terapi latihan</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Dalam tinjauan kesusasteraan tentang pemijatan, mempunyai sedikit kekurangan dalam diskripsinya. Dalam beberapa kajian yang baru saja, terdapat sedikit maklumat tentang teknik yang sebenarnya. Ketika mengamati dengan baik perbezaan dalam teknik pemijatan yang digunakan ini dan sering terlihat jelas kekurangan dari asas sains untuk memberi pergerakan-pergerakan, suatu keanehan bagaimana kesimpulan itu boleh dibuat sebagai satu untuk dihargai atau rawatan kehilangan nilainya. Kekurangan dari kecilnya maklumat mengenai teknik-teknik dan kekacauan dalam pengertian dari arus moden dengan jangka waktu yang dimiliki untuk belajar mengenai kesusasteraan. Itu tidak memberi laporan yang lengkap mengenai sejarah pemijatan. Hanya teknik-teknik itu dianggap dan perbandingan untuk membuat pertimbangan yang ditetapkan. Jika mungkin, mereka pengaruh pembangunan yang sedang berlangsung pada saat ini dan teknik-teknik. Banyak dari maklumat yang cepat tentang sejarah dari pemijatan saat ini dari belajar memiliki dari penerbitan oleh Graham (1848-1928), Bucholz (1874-1942), Coulter (1885-1949) dan lain-lain. Belajar itu luas tapi kajian yang lengkap dari kesusasteraan tidak memiliki usaha.</p></div></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-54121665669890578572010-05-29T03:53:00.000-07:002010-05-29T03:54:20.019-07:00MAGNET<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/magnet/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Magnet</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 29, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/magnet/#respond" title="Komentar pada Magnet" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: center; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/magnet.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="size-full wp-image-486 aligncenter" title="magnet" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a14.jpg?w=247&h=247" alt="" width="247" height="247" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; max-width: 600px; " /></a></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Magnet: benda yang dapat menarik besi baja</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">a. Hipotesis Weber</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Magnet asas -> magnet penyusun. Dibesi magnet asas> dengan mengubah kedudukannya> <baja,> dengan dimagnetkan. Magnet asas mengarah kearah U - S pada benda magnet, sedang benda asas padu bukan benda magnet akan membentuk lingkaran tertutup.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">b. Macam-macam magnet</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">- Bentuk: ladam (kuku), batang, silinder, keping, dll.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">- Terjadinya: magnet alam dan buatan</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">c. Bahagian magnet</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Kutup U - S -> letak gaya tarik terbesar</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">d. Pembuatan magnet</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">- Elektromagnet, magnet dibuat dengan perkhidmatan arus elektrik secara induksi -> hujung magnet bertentangan dengan hujung magnet yang didekati</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">- Gosokan: Ujung magnet yang berlaku saam dengan ujung magnet yang menggosok.</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-10659085353117358622010-05-29T03:52:00.000-07:002010-05-29T03:53:30.662-07:00KOMUNIKASI PROFESIONAL FISIOTERAPI<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/27/komunikasi-terapeutik/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Komunikasi Terapeutik</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 27, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/27/komunikasi-terapeutik/#comments" title="Komentar pada Komunikasi Terapeutik" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">4 ulasan - ulasan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/komunikasi-terapeutik.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-551" title="Komunikasi Terapeutik" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/komunikasi-terapeutik.jpg?w=248&h=201" alt="" width="248" height="201" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Komunikasi terapeutik adalah komunikasi yang mendorong proses penyembuhan klien (Depkes RI, 1997). Dalam pengertian lain mengatakan bahawa komunikasi terapeutik adalah proses yang digunakan oleh jururawat memakai pendekatan yang dirancang secara sedar, bertujuan dan kegiatannya dipusatkan pada pelanggan. <br />Komunikasi terapeutik termasuk komunikasi interpersonal dengan titik tolak saling memberikan pengertian antara jururawat dengan pelanggan. Persoalan yang mendasar dari komunikasi ini adalah adanya saling memerlukan antara jururawat dan klien, sehingga dapat dikategorikan ke dalam komunikasi peribadi di antara jururawat dan klien, jururawat membantu dan pelanggan menerima bantuan. <br />Menurut <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Stuart </strong>dan <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Sundeen </strong>(dalam Hamid, 1996), tujuan hubungan terapeutik diarahkan pada pertumbuhan pelanggan meliputi: <br />a.Realisasi diri, penerimaan diri dan peningkatan penghormatan terhadap diri. <br />b.Rasa identiti personal yang jelas dan peningkatan integriti diri. <br />c.Kemampuan untuk membina hubungan interpersonal yang intim dan saling bergantung dengan kapasiti untuk mencintai dan dicintai. <br />d . Peningkatan fungsi dan kemampuan untuk memuaskan keperluan serta mencapai matlamat personal yang realistik. <br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Objektif komunikasi terapeutik adalah: </strong><br />a.Membantu pelanggan untuk memperjelas dan mengurangkan beban perasaan dan fikiran serta dapat mengambil tindakan untuk menukar situasi yang ada bila pelanggan pecaya pada hal yang diperlukan. <br />b . Mengurangkan keraguan, membantu dalam hal mengambil tindakan yang berkesan dan mempertahankan kekuatan egonya. <br />c.Mempengaruhi orang lain, persekitaran fizikal dan dirinya sendiri. <br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Objektif terapeutik akan tercapai bila jururawat mempunyai ciri-ciri sebagai berikut (Hamid, 1998): </em></strong><br />a.Kesadaran diri. <br />b . Klarifikasi nilai. <br />c.Eksplorasi perasaan. <br />d.Kemampuan untuk menjadi model peranan. <br />e.Motivasi altruistik. <br />f.Rasa tanggung jawab dan etik.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Komponen Komunikasi Terapeutik</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Model struktural dari komunikasi mengenalpasti lima komponen fungsional berikut (Hamid, 1998): <br />a.Pengirim: yang menjadi asal dari mesej. <br />b.Pesan: suatu unit maklumat yang dipindahkan dari penghantar kepada penerima. <br />c.Penerima: yang mentafsirkan mesej, yang perilakunya dipengaruhi oleh mesej. <br />d.Umpan balik: respon dari penerima mesej kepada penghantar mesej. <br />e.Konteks: tatanan di mana komunikasi berlaku. <br />Jika jururawat menilai proses komunikasi dengan menggunakan lima unsur struktur ini, maka masalah-masalah yang khusus atau kesalahan yang berpotensi dapat dikenalpasti. <br />Menurur <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Roger </strong>, terdapat beberapa ciri-ciri dari seorang jururawat yang boleh memudahkan tumbuhnya hubungan yang terapeutik.Karakteristik tersebut antara lain: (Suryani, 2005). <br />a.Kejujuran (trustworthy). Kejujuran merupakan modal utama agar dapat melakukan komunikasi yang bernilai terapeutik, tanpa kejujuran mustahil dapat membina hubungan saling percaya. Pelanggan hanya akan terbuka dan jujur pula dalam memberikan maklumat yang benar hanya bila yakin bahawa jururawat boleh dipercayai. <br />b.Tidak mengelirukan dan cukup ekspresif. Dalam berkomunikasi hendaklah jururawat menggunakan kata-kata yang mudah difahami oleh pelanggan. Komunikasi nonverbal harus menyokong komunikasi verbal yang disampaikan. Ketidaksesuaian boleh menyebabkan pelanggan menjadi bingung. <br />c.Bersikap positif. Bersikap positif dapat ditunjukkan dengan sikap yang hangat, penuh perhatian dan penghargaan terhadap pelanggan. Roger menyatakan inti dari hubungan terapeutik adalah kehangatan, ketulusan, pemahaman yang empati dan sikap positif. <br />d.Empati bukan simpati. Sikap empati sangat diperlukan dalam asuhan keperawatan, kerana dengan sikap ini jururawat akan mampu merasakan dan memikirkan permasalahan pelanggan seperti yang dirasakan dan difikirkan oleh pelanggan. Dengan empati seorang jururawat dapat memberikan alternatif penyelesaian masalah bagi pelanggan, kerana walaupun dia turut merasakan permasalahan yang dirasakan pelanggannya, tetapi tidak larut dalam masalah tersebut sehingga jururawat dapat memikirkan masalah yang dihadapi pelanggan secara objektif. Sikap simpati membuat jururawat tidak mampu melihat permasalahan secara objektif kerana dia terlibat secara emosional dan terlarut di dalamnya. <br />e.Mampu melihat permasalahan pelanggan dari kacamata klien.Dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan jururawat harus berorientasi pada pelanggan, (Taylor, dkk, 1997) dalam Suryani 2005. Untuk itu agar dapat membantu menyelesaikan masalah pelanggan jururawat harus memandang permasalahan tersebut dari sudut pandang pelanggan. Untuk itu jururawat perlu menggunakan terkhnik active listening dan kesabaran dalam mendengar ungkapan pelanggan. Jika jururawat menyimpulkan secara tergesa-gesa dengan tidak menyimak secara keseluruhan ungkapan pelanggan akibatnya boleh fatal, karena dapat saja diagnosis yang dirumuskan jururawat tidak sesuai dengan masalah pelanggan dan akibatnya tindakan yang diberikan dapat tidak membantu bahkan merosakkan pelanggan. <br />f.Menerima pelanggan apa adanya.Jika seseorang diterima dengan tulus, seseorang akan merasa nyaman dan aman dalam menjalin hubungan intim terapeutik. Memberikan penilaian atau mengkritik pelanggan berdasarkan nilai-nilai yang diyakini jururawat menunjukkan bahawa jururawat tidak menerima pelanggan apa adanya. <br />g.Sensitif terhadap perasaan pelanggan. Tanpa kemampuan ini hubungan yang terapeutik sukar terjalin dengan baik, kerana jika tidak sensitif jururawat boleh saja melakukan pelanggaran batas, privasi dan menyinggung perasaan pelanggan. <br />h.Tidak mudah terpengaruh oleh masa lalu pelanggan ataupun diri jururawat sendiri. Seseorang yang selalu menyesali tentang apa yang telah berlaku pada masa lalunya tidak akan mampu berbuat yang terbaik hari ini. Sangat sukar bagi jururawat untuk membantu pelanggan, jika ia sendiri memiliki segudang masalah dan ketidakpuasan dalam hidupnya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Fasa Hubungan Komunikasi Terapeutik.</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Struktur dalam komunikasi terapeutik, menurut Stuart, GW, 1998, terdiri daripada empat fasa iaitu: (1) fasa preinteraksi; (2) fasa perkenalan atau orientasi; (3) fasa kerja dan (4) fasa terminasi (Suryani, 2005). Dalam setiap fasa terdapat tugas atau kegiatan jururawat yang harus diselesaikan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">a.Fase preinteraksi <br />Tahap ini adalah masa persiapan sebelum memulakan berkaitan dengan pelanggan. Tugas jururawat dalam fasa ini iaitu: <br />1) mengeksplorasi perasaan, harapan dan kecemasannya; <br />2) Menganalisa kekuatan dan kelemahan diri, dengan analisa diri ia akan terlatih untuk memaksimalkan dirinya agar bernilai tera [eutik bagi pelanggan, jika merasa tidak siap maka perlu belajar kembali, perbincangan teman kumpulan; <br />3) Mengumpulkan data tentang pelanggan, sebagai asas dalam membuat rencana interaksi; <br />4) Membuat rencana pertemuan secara bertulis, yang akan di implementasikan saat bertemu dengan klien.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">b.Fase orientasi <br />Fasa ini bermula pada saat bertemu pertama kali dengan pelanggan. Pada saat pertama kali bertemu dengan pelanggan fasa ini digunakan jururawat untuk berkenalan dengan pelanggan dan merupakan langkah awal dalam membina hubungan saling percaya. Tugas utama jururawat pada tahap ini adalah memberikan situasi persekitaran yang peka dan menunjukkan penerimaan, serta membantu pelanggan dalam mengekspresikan perasaan dan pikirannya. Tugas-tugas jururawat pada tahap ini antara lain: <br />1) Membina hubungan saling percaya, menunjukkan sikap penerimaan dan komunikasi terbuka. Untuk membina hubungan saling percaya jururawat perlu bersikap terbuka, jujur, ihklas, menerima pelanggan apa danya, menepati janji, dan menghargai pelanggan; <br />2) Merumuskan kontrak bersama pelanggan. Kontrak penting untuk menjaga kelangsungan sebuah interaksi.Kontrak yang harus diluluskan bersama dengan pelanggan iaitu, tempat, waktu dan topik pertemuan; <br />3) Menggali perasaan dan fikiran serta mengenalpasti masalah pelanggan. Untuk mendorong pelanggan mengekspresikan perasaannya, maka tekhnik yang digunakan adalah soalan terbuka; <br />4) Merumuskan tujuan dengan pelanggan. Tujuan dirumuskan selepas masalah pelanggan yang telah dikenalpasti. Bila tahap ini gagal semua akan menimbulkan kegagalan pada keseluruhan interaksi (Stuart, GW, 1998 dikutip dari Suryani, 2005) <br />Hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada peringkat ini antara lain: <br />1) Memberikan salam terapeutik disertai menghulurkan tangan pejabat tangan <br />2) Memperkenalkan diri jururawat <br />3) menyepakati kontrak. Perjanjian berkaitan dengan kesediaan pelanggan untuk berkomunikasi, topik, tempat, dan lamanya pertemuan. <br />4) Lengkapkan kontrak. Pada pertemuan pertama jururawat perlu melengkapkan penjelasan tentang identiti serta tujuan interaksi supaya pelanggan percaya kepada jururawat. <br />5) Evaluasi dan validasi. Berisikan pengkajian aduan utama, alasan atau kejadian yang membuat pelanggan meminta bantuan. Evaluasi ini juga digunakan untuk mendapatkan tumpuan pengkajian lebih lanjut, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan aduan utama. Pada pertemuan lanjutan penilaian / validasi digunakan untuk mengetahui keadaan dan kemajuan pelanggan hasil interaksi dahulu. <br />6) menyepakati masalah. Dengan tekhnik memfokuskan jururawat bersama pelanggan mengenalpasti masalah dan keperluan pelanggan. <br />Selanjutnya setiap awal pertemuan lanjutan dengan pelanggan lakukan orientasi. Tujuan orientasi adalah memvalidasi ketepatan data, rencana yang telah dibuat dengan keadaan pelanggan saat ini dan menilai tindakan pertemuan sebelumnya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">c.Fase kerja. <br />Tahap ini merupakan inti dari keseluruhan proses komunikasi teraeutik.Tahap ini jururawat bersama pelanggan menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapi klien.Perawat dan pelanggan menjelajah stressor dan menggalakkan perkembangan kesedaran diri dengan menyambung persepsi, perasaan dan perilaku klien.Tahap ini berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan rencana asuhan yang telah ditetapkan.Tekhnik komunikasi terapeutik yang sering digunakan jururawat antara lain menjelajah, mendengar dengan aktif, refleksi, pelbagai persepsi, memfokuskan dan menyimpulkan (Geldard, D, 1996, dikutip dari Suryani, 2005).</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">d.Fase terminasi <br />Fasa ini merupakan fasa yang sukar dan penting, kerana hubungan saling percaya sudah terbina dan berada pada tahap optimum. Jururawat dan klien keduanya merasa kehilangan. Terminasi boleh berlaku pada saat jururawat menamatkan tugas dalam unit tertentu atau saat pelanggan akan pulang. Jururawat dan klien bersama-sama meninjau kembali proses keperawatan yang telah dilalui dan pencapaian tujuan. Untuk melalui fasa ini dengan sukses dan bernilai terapeutik, jururawat menggunakan konsep kehilangan. Terminasi merupakan akhir dari pertemuan jururawat, yang dibahagi dua iaitu: <br />1) terminasi sementara ini, bererti masih ada pertemuan lanjutan; <br />2) terminasi akhir, terjadi jika jururawat telah selesai proses keperawatan secara menyeluruh. Tugas jururawat dalam fasa ini iaitu: <br />a) Mengevaluasi pencapaian tujuan interaksi yang telah dilakukan, penilaian ini disebut penilaian objektif. Brammer & Mc Donald (1996) menyatakan bahawa meminta pelanggan membuat kesimpulan mengenai apa yang telah dibincangkan atau respon objektif selepas tindakan dilakukan sangat berguna pada tahap terminasi (Suryani, 2005); <br />b) Melakukan evaluasi subjektif, dilakukan dengan menanyakan perasaan pelanggan setalah berinteraksi atau selepas melakukan tindakan tertentu; <br />c) menyepakati tindak lanjut terhadap interaksi yang telah dilakukan. Hal ini sering disebut kerja rumah (planning pelanggan). Tindak lanjut yang diberikan harus relevan dengan interaksi yang baru dilakukan atau yang akan dilakukan pada pertemuan berikutnya. Dengan tindak lanjut pelanggan tidak akan pernah kosong menerima syarat keperawatan dalam 24 jam; <br />d) Membuat kontrak untuk pertemuan seterusnya, kontrak yang perlu disepakati adalah topik, masa dan tempat pertemuan. Perbezaan antara terminasi sementara dan terminasi akhir, adalah bahawa pada terminasi akhir iaitu merangkumi keseluruhan hasil yang telah dicapai selama interaksi. <br />C. Sikap Komunikasi Terapeutik.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Lima sikap atau cara untuk menghadirkan diri secara fizikal yang boleh memudahkan komunikasi yang terapeutik mengikut Egan, iaitu: <br />1.Berhadapan. Artinya dari kedudukan ini adalah "Saya sedia untuk anda". <br />2.Mempertahankan kenalan mata. Kontak mata pada level yang sama bererti menghargai pelanggan dan menyatakan keinginan untuk tetap berkomunikasi. <br />3.Membungkuk ke arah pelanggan. Kedudukan ini menunjukkan keinginan untuk mengatakan atau mendengar sesuatu. <br />4.Mempertahankan sikap terbuka, tidak melipat kaki atau tangan menunjukkan keterbukaan untuk berkomunikasi. <br />5.Tetap rileks. Tetap dapat mengawal keseimbangan antara ketegangan dan relaksasi dalam memberi respon kepada pelanggan. <br />Selain hal-hal di atas sikap terapeutik juga boleh dikenalpasti melalui perilaku non verbal. Stuart dan Sundeen (1998) mengatakan ada lima kategori komunikasi non verbal, iaitu: <br />1.Isyarat vokal, iaitu isyarat paralingustik termasuk semua high bicara non verbal misalnya tekanan suara, kualitas suara, tertawa, irama dan kecepatan bicara. <br />2. Isyarat tindakan, iaitu semua gerakan tubuh termasuk ekspresi wajah dan sikap tubuh. <br />3.Isyarat objek, iaitu objek yang digunakan secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja oleh seseorang seperti pakaian dan benda peribadi lain. <br />4.Ruang memberikan isyarat tentang kedekatan hubungan antara dua orang. Hal ini didasarkan pada norma-norma social budaya yang dimiliki. <br />5.Sentuhan, iaitu fizikal antara dua orang dan merupakan komunikasi non verbal yang paling personal. Respon seseorang terhadap tindakan ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh tatanan dan latar belakang budaya, jenis hubungan, jenis kelamin, umur dan harapan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Teknik Komunikasi Terapeutik.</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Ada dua syarat asas untuk komunikasi yang berkesan (Stuart dan Sundeen, 1998) iaitu: <br />1.Semua komunikasi harus bertujuan untuk menjaga harga diri pemberi maupun penerima mesej. <br />2.Komunikasi yang mencipta saling pengertian harus dilakukan lebih dahulu sebelum memberikan nasihat, maklumat dan masukkan . <br />Stuart dan Sundeen, (1998) mengenalpasti teknik komunikasi terapeutik sebagai berikut:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">1.Mendengarkan dengan penuh perhatian. <br />Dalam hal ini jururawat berusaha memahami pelanggan dengan cara mendengar apa yang disampaikan pelanggan. Mendengar merupakan asas utama dalam komunikasi. Dengan mendengar jururawat mengetahui perasaan pelanggan. Beri kesempatan lebih banyak pada pelanggan untuk bercakap. Jururawat perlu menjadi pendengar yang aktif. <br />2.Menunjukkan penerimaan. <br />Menerima tidak bererti bersetuju, menerima bererti bersedia untuk mendengar orang lain tanpa menunjukkan keraguan atau percanggahan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">3.Menanyakan soalan yang berkaitan. <br />Objektif jururawat bertanya adalah untuk mendapatkan maklumat yang khusus mengenai apa yang disampaikan oleh pelanggan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">4.Mengulangi ucapan pelanggan dengan menggunakan kata-kata sendiri. <br />Melalui pengulangan kata-kata pelanggan, jururawat memberikan maklum balas bahawa jururawat mengerti mesej pelanggan dan berharap komunikasi dilanjutkan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">5.Mengklasifikasi. <br />Pengelasan terjadi saat jururawat berusaha untuk menerangkan dalam kata-kata idea atau fikiran yang tidak jelas dikatakan oleh pelanggan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">6.Memfokuskan. <br />Kaedah ini bertujuan untuk menyekat bahan pembicaraan sehingga perbualan menjadi lebih khusus dan difahami.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">7.Menyatakan keputusan pemerhatian. <br />Dalam hal ini jururawat menghuraikan kesan yang ditimbulkan oleh isyarat non verbal klien. <br />8.Menawarkan maklumat. <br />Memberikan tambahan maklumat merupakan tindakan penyuluhan kesehatan untuk pelanggan yang bertujuan memudahkan pelanggan untuk mengambil keputusan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">9.Diam. <br />Diam akan memberi peluang kepada jururawat dan klien untuk mengorganisir. Diam membolehkan pelanggan untuk berkomunikasi dengan dirinya sendiri, mengatur fikiran dan memproses maklumat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">10.Meringkas. <br />Meringkas pengulangan idea utama yang telah dikomunikasikan secara singkat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">11.Memberi anugerah. <br />Anugerah janganlah sampai menjadi beban untuk pelanggan dalam erti jangan sampai pelanggan berusaha keras dan melakukan segalanya demi untuk mendapatkan pujian dan persetujuan atas perbuatannya.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">12.Memberi kesempatan kepada pelanggan untuk memulakan perbualan. <br />Memberi peluang kepada pelanggan untuk berinisiatif dalam memilih topik perbualan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">13.Menganjurkan untuk meneruskan perbualan. <br />Teknik ini memberi peluang kepada pelanggan untuk mengarahkan hampir semua perbincangan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">14.Menempatkan kejadian secara berurutan. <br />Mengurutkan kejadian secara teratur akan membantu jururawat dan klien untuk melihatnya dalam satu perspektif.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">15.Memberikan kesempatan kepada pelanggan untuk menghuraikan persepsinya <br />Apabila jururawat ingin mengerti pelanggan, maka jururawat harus melihat segala sesuatunya dari perspektif pelanggan.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">16.Refleksi. <br />Refleksi memberi peluang kepada pelanggan untuk mengemukakan dan menerima idea dan perasaannya sebagai sebahagian daripada dirinya sendiri. <br />E. Hambatan Komunikasi Terapeutik.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Hambatan komunikasi terapeutik dalam hal kemajuan hubungan jururawat-pelanggan terdiri daripada tiga jenis utama: resistens, transferens, dan kontertransferens (Hamid, 1998). Ini timbul dari berbagai alasan dan mungkin berlaku dalam bentuk yang berbeza, tetapi semuanya menghambat komunikasi terapeutik. Jururawat harus segera mengatasinya. Oleh kerana itu hambatan ini menimbulkan perasaan tegang baik bagi jururawat mahupun bagi pelanggan. Untuk lebih jelasnya marilah kita bahas satu-persatu mengenai hambatan komunikasi terapeutik itu.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">1.Resisten. <br />Resisten adalah upaya pelanggan untuk tetap tidak menyedari aspek penyebab ansietas yang dialaminya. Bertahan merupakan keengganan semulajadi atau mengelak verbalisasi yang dipelajari atau menghadapi peristiwa yang menimbulkan masalah aspek diri seseorang. Bertahan sering merupakan akibat dari ketidaksediaan pelanggan untuk berubah ketika keperluan untuk berubah telah dirasakan. Perilaku resistens biasanya ditunjukkan oleh pelanggan selama fasa kerja, kerana fasa ini sangat banyak mengandungi proses penyelesaian masalah.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">2.Transferens. <br />Transferens adalah respon tidak sedar di mana pelanggan mengalami perasaan dan sikap terhadap jururawat yang pada dasarnya berkaitan dengan tokoh dalam kehidupannya di masa lalu. Sifat yang paling menonjol adalah ketidaktepatan respon pelanggan dalam intensitas dan penggunaan mekanisme pertahanan peredaran (displacement) yang maladaptif. Ada dua jenis utama reaksi bermusuhan dan bergantung.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">3.Kontertransferens. <br />Iaitu kebuntuan terapeutik yang dibuat oleh jururawat bukan oleh pelanggan. Konterrtransferens merujuk pada respon emosional khusus oleh jururawat terhadap pelanggan yang tidak tepat dalam isi maupun konteks hubungan terapeutik atau ketidaktepatan dalam intensitas emosi. Reaksi ini biasanya berbentuk salah satu daripada tiga jenis reaksi sangat mencintai, reaksi sangat bermusuhan atau membenci dan reaksi sangat cemas sering kali digunakan sebagai respon terhadap bertahan pelanggan. <br />Untuk mengatasi hambatan komunikasi terapeutik, jururawat harus bersedia untuk mendedahkan perasaan emosional yang sangat kuat dalam konteks hubungan jururawat-pelanggan (Hamid, 1998). Awalnya, jururawat perlu mempunyai pengetahuan mengenai perkara hambatan komunikasi terapeutik dan mengenali perilaku yang menunjukkan adanya hambatan tersebut. Latar belakang perilaku digali baik pelanggan atau jururawat bertanggungjawab terhadap hambatan terapeutik dan kesan negative pada proses</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-63094204886819029092010-05-29T03:51:00.000-07:002010-05-29T03:52:02.511-07:00KESIHATAN PERSEKITARAN<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/07/kesehatan-disekitar-tempat-tinggal-kita/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Kesihatan disekitar Tempat Tinggal Kita</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 7, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/07/kesehatan-disekitar-tempat-tinggal-kita/#respond" title="Komentar pada Kesehatan Disekitar Tempat Tinggal Kita" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Syarat-syarat rumah yang sihat:</strong></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Bahan bangunan -> Lantai, dinding, atap dll.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Ventilasi -> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">ventilasi semulajadi </span>di mana aliran udara didalam bilik tersebut berlaku secara semulajadi melalui tingkap, pintu, lubang angin. <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Ventilasi buatan </span>iaitu dengan mempergunakan alat-alat khusus untuk megalirkan hawa tersebut, misalnya kipas angin, penghisap hawa.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Cahaya -> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">kurang cahaya </span>merupakan media yang baik untuk hidup dan berkembangnya bibit-bibit penyakit. <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Kelebihan cahaya </span>menyebabkan silau dan merosakkan mata.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Luas bangunan rumah boleh disesuaikan dengan penghuninya.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Kemudahan-kemudahan didalam rumah sihat seperti PAB yang cukup, WC, sampah rumah tangga dll.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Pembuangan najis manusia adalah semua benda atau zat yang tidak dipakai lagi oleh tubuh dan harus dikeluarkan dari dalam tubuh berbentuk tahi (faeces), urine.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Syarat-syarat jambang yang sihat:</strong></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Tidak mengotori permukaan tanah disekeliling jambang tersebut.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Tidak mengotori air permukaan di sekitarnya.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Tidak mengotori air tanah di sekitarnya.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Tidak dapat terjangkau oleh serangga (lalat dan kecoa)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Tidak menimbulkan bau.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mudah digunakan dan dipelihara</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Sederhana desainnya</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Murah</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Dapat diterima oleh pemakainya.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Penyediaan air bersih:</strong></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Tubuh orang dewasa sekitar 55-60% berat badan terdiri daripada air, untuk anak-anak sekitar 65% dan untuk bayi sekitar 80%.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Menurut WHO, untuk <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">negara maju </span>, air 60-120 liter / hari. <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">Negara sedang berkembang</span>(Indonesia), air 30-60 liter / hari.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Syarat-syarat air minum yang sihat</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">- Syarat fizikal</span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Bening (tak berwarna), tidak berasa </span>, suhu dibawah suhu udara Diluarnya.</span></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Syarat Bakteriologis</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Bebas dari bakteria patogen</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">- Syarat Kimia</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mengandung Flour, Chlour, Arsen, Tembaga, Besi, zat organik, pH, CO2.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Sumber air minum</strong></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Air hujan, ditambah kalsium</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Air sungai dan tasik -> air permukaan (diolah)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Mata air -> air tanah yang muncul secara semulajadi</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Air perigi cetek -> air yang keluar dari dalam tanah (tidak boleh diminum langsung)</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Air telaga dalam -> air yang berasal dari lapisan air kedua didalam tanah (diatas 15 meter) -> boleh diminum secara terus.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Pengurusan air minum</strong></span></p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; "><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pengurusan secara semulajadi: simpanan -> mendapan</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pengurusan air dengan menapis -> dengan kerikil, ijuk, pasir</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pengurusan air dengan menambah bahan kimia (Tawas) -> Takat embun, Chlor -> membunuh bibit penyakit.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pengurusan air dengan mengalirkan hawa -> menghilangkan rasa serta bau yang tidak enak dan menghilangkan gas-gas yang tidak diperlukan.</li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; list-style-position: inside; ">Pengurusan air dengan memanaskan sampai mendidih -> membunuh kuman-kuman yang terdapat dalam air.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Pembuangan Sampah</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Sampah adalah sesuatu bahan atau benda padat yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi oleh manusia atau benda padat yang sudah digunakan lagi dalam suatu kegiatan manusia dibuang. Menurut ahli Kesihatan Awam Amerika, Sampah adalah sesuatu yang tidak digunakan, tidak digunakan, tidak disenangi atau sesuatu yang dibuang, yang berasal dari kegiatan manusia dan tidak terjadi dengan sendirinya.</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-83734182882331007742010-05-29T03:50:00.000-07:002010-05-29T03:51:06.900-07:00HORMON<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/hormon-testoteron-pada-pria/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Hormon Testoteron Pada Pria</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Maret 16, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/hormon-testoteron-pada-pria/#respond" title="Komentar pada Hormon Testoteron Pada Pria" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/Testosteron.gif" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-440" title="Testosteron" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/a21.gif?w=269&h=154" alt="" width="269" height="154" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; text-align: left; max-width: 600px; " /></a>Testosteron adalah hormon steroid dari kelompok androgen. Pada mamalia, terutama disekresi testosteron di testis laki-laki dan ovarium perempuan, walaupun dalam jumlah kecil juga disekresikan oleh kelenjar adrenal. Ini adalah hormon seks pria utama dan merupakan steroid anabolik. Testosteron evolusioner kekal melalui sebagian besar vertebrata, meskipun ikan membuat bentuk yang sedikit berbeda yang disebut 11-ketotestosterone.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Pada pria, testosteron memainkan peran penting dalam pengembangan jaringan reproduksi pria seperti testis dan prostat serta mempromosikan ciri-ciri seksual sekunder seperti peningkatan massa otot dan tulang dan pertumbuhan rambut. Selain itu, testosteron sangat penting untuk kesehatan dan kesejahteraan serta mencegah osteoporosis.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Rata-rata, seorang dewasa tubuh laki-laki manusia menghasilkan kira-kira sepuluh kali lebih banyak testosteron daripada manusia dewasa tubuh perempuan, tetapi perempuan adalah, dari perspektif perilaku (bukan dari sudut pandang anatomis maupun biologis), lebih sensitif terhadap hormon. Namun , rentang keseluruhan laki-laki dan perempuan sangat luas, sedemikian rupa sehingga benar-benar rentang di overlap low end dan high-end masing-masing.<br />Secara umum, androgen meningkatkan sintesis protein dan pertumbuhan jaringan mereka dengan reseptor androgen. Efek testosteron dapat digolongkan sebagai virilizing dan anabolik, walaupun perbedaan ini agak buatan, karena banyak efek dapat dianggap keduanya. Testosteron anabolik, berarti itu membangun tulang dan massa otot.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">- Efek anabolik pertumbuhan massa otot dan kekuatan, meningkatkan kepadatan dan kekuatan tulang, dan stimulasi pertumbuhan linear dan tulang pematangan.<br />- Efek androgenik pematangan organ seks, terutama penis dan pembentukan skrotum pada janin, dan setelah lahir (biasanya pada masa pubertas) yang semakin besar dalam suara, pertumbuhan jenggot dan rambut ketiak. Banyak dari jatuh ke dalam kategori ciri-ciri seks sekunder laki-laki.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Efek testosteron juga dapat diklasifikasikan oleh usia kejadian biasa. Untuk efek pascakelahiran baik laki-laki dan perempuan, ini sebagian besar tergantung pada tingkat dan lamanya testosteron bebas beredar.</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-35663381520256157912010-05-29T03:48:00.000-07:002010-05-29T03:49:17.047-07:00ETIKA FISIOTERAPI<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><div class="post" id="post-71" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/15/etika-profesi-dalam-fisioterapi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Professional Ethics in Physiotherapy</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Januari 15, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/15/etika-profesi-dalam-fisioterapi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Professional Ethics in Physiotherapy" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Object is a human ethics</strong><br />Formal object is the man who intentionally acts to other humans (klain).<br />Rights and obligations of justice arise against:<br />- Others<br />- Other people MLP community<br />- God<br />- Familiarize yourself<br />- Obligations set forth in order to act as ethical physiotherapy does not violate the rights of klain who handled</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Principles of professional ethics</strong><br />- Carrying out its base with good intentions who with devotion consciousness.<br />- Obligation to respect the dignity of humanity and personal.<br />- Respect the feelings of any person (keep a secret), honoring achievements etc.<br />- To contribute ideas, concepts and scientific work for the progress of their obligations.<br />- Receive their rights simply as a liability and not for personal profit</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Two lofty principles of professional ethics</strong><br />- Putting the interests of patients / klain<br />- Serving on the demands of the noble profession<br />- Human Values:<br />- Economic values<br />- The values kejasmanian<br />- The values of entertainment<br />- The Nature of Values<br />- Aesthetic values<br />- The values of intellectual<br />- Religious values</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Professional ethics Luhur</strong><br />Dr. B. Kieser:<br />1. Putting the interests of the patient<br />2. To serve the demands of the noble profession<br />Professional Morality Luhur<br />1. Dared to do and was determined<br />2. Awareness obligation?<br />3. Idealism<br />Right = has no 2:<br />1. Positive rights of other people must do something for me<br />2. Negative rights are free to do something I<br />Obligation<br />1. Liabilities Liabilities who perfectly associated with the rights of others.<br />2. Imperfect obligations not related obligations with the rights of others.<br />Virtue: Disposition who has obtained a person’s character and allows him to behave morally (affectionate, generous)<br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Humans who either personally</strong><br />1. A fixed Trends<br />2. In connection with the will<br />3. Obtained through jaln familiarize yourself or results of the exercise virtue does not equal skill.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Formal Object Physiotherapy</strong><br />Vicarious action intentionally.<br />This Kesengajan <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">physiotherapist</strong> acting<br />Physiotherapist-rated action unethical ethical code of conduct so that it appears as a guide fisio behavior.<br />Why timbuk code of ethics? Because these professionals serve / human auditory / service given was assessed: Those who served, Those professionals, and others professions. In the event of customs, attitudes, personality, character.<br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Usefulness of codes of ethics:</strong><br />1. For individuals in order to avoid irregularities during the running task dr.<br />2. For quality or developing Member Professionals<br />3. For the public safety community (indirect protection)</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etika-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam etika Fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">etika Fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/codes-of-ethics/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">codes of ethics</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/human-ethics/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">human ethics</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Physiotherapy</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/principles-of-professional-ethics/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Principles of professional ethics</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/professional-ethics/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Professional Ethics</a>,<a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/professional-ethics-in-physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Professional Ethics in Physiotherapy</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-69" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/14/hak-asasi-manusia/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Human Rights</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Januari 14, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/14/hak-asasi-manusia/#respond" title="Komentar pada Human Rights" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Human rights</strong> is something interesting conversation, for involving the dignity, dignity and self-esteem which is something very <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">essence of being human.</strong> Human rights can not be achieved if individuals are not living in a society in the life of the nation.<br />Application of rights that may have materialized somewhere, would be different if the events took place elsewhere, because it already involves emotion as well as custom characters or character of local residents.<br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Human rights</strong> grow and flourish when those rights begin noticed and fought against the power of the community formed by the man himself who called the state / country. So the issue of human rights ranging from human relations as an individual with the state as civil society organizations.<br />Human rights are fundamental rights or basic human owned and carried since birth as a gift from God Almighty or the rights inherent in human dignity as God’s creation in God Almighty.<br />According to <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Law No. RI. 39 years old in 1999</strong> is meant by <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">human rights </strong>are a set of rights attached to nature and human existence as a creature of God is the Almighty and His grace that must be respected, upheld and protected by the state, law, government and everyone for the respect and protection of dignity and human dignity.<br />Violations of human rights is every act of a person or group, including both state officials deliberately or accidentally or omission that is against the law, reduce, prevent, restrict or revoke and human rights a person or group of persons which are guaranteed by law and not to obtain or feared will not receive a fair settlement of legal and correct based on the applicable legal mechanisms.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etika-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam etika Fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">etika Fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/human-rights/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Human Rights</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-66" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/peran-manusia-dalam-ham/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Human Role in Human Rights</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Januari 13, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/peran-manusia-dalam-ham/#respond" title="Komentar pada Human Role in Human Rights" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Every <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">human </strong>being has the nature, character and will of its own. But in human society entered into a relationship with one another, play along, please help, help help to get her life purpose. Various philosophical anthropology to understand human nature look at the essence of the nature of the glass eyes is different. Human Beings-social individuals in dealing with others can be seen from the two streams or views.<br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">a. Flow individualism</strong><br />Ideology of individualism which is the forerunner of liberalism ideology, saw man as a creature of free individuals. The highest value of human beings is the development and happiness of individuals.</p><div dir="ltr" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><div id="tts_button" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Society is Simply a means for individuals to achieve on their goals. It makes no sense to Sacrifice own interests of individual community interests.Society simply serve individuals (ie, more positive sense as the notion That Each Person Should Themselves develop and act in accordance with his personality, assessment and own responsibility of course on the bandwagon with the mass flow). This understanding holds that the rights and obligations in your life together always be measured based on the interests and objectives based on paradiqma nature of human nature as individuals.</p></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">b. Flow collectivity</strong><br />Understand the collectivity that is the forerunner to look at the nature of socialism and communism human nature as social beings alone. Individuals considered merely as a means for the community. Therefore, consequently, all aspects in the realization of the life of the community, nation and state kondrat based on the nature of humans as social animals. This understanding holds that the rights and obligations of both moral and legal in your life together always be measured based on the philosophy of human beings as social creatures.<br />Human Beings civilized, freedom as individuals and all activities and creativity in his life always dependent on others, this is because human beings as citizens or as a social creature.<br />Based on the nature of human nature, then in the way humans view the world, living up to himself, to worship Almighty God and realize what a liability he is always in relationship with others. All matters relating to good moral attitude thing and moral obligations, can not be determined solely on the basis of individual norms, but always in conjunction with the community. Therefore, the moral responsibility of the human person can only be developed within the framework of relationships with other people so that freedom is always dealing with the public morality.<br />Philosophical basis as contained in Pancasila That the values contained in the national culture, always based on human nature is human nature monodualisme That is as individual beings as well as a social creature.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etika-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam etika Fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">etika Fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/flow-collectivity/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Flow collectivity</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/flow-individualism/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Flow individualism</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/human-role-in-human-rights/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Human Role in Human Rights</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ideology-of-individualism/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Ideology of individualism</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/moral/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Moral</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-64" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/12/hubungan-antar-manusia-dalam-fisioterapi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Relationship between Man In Physiotherapy</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Januari 12, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/12/hubungan-antar-manusia-dalam-fisioterapi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Relationship between Man In Physiotherapy" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">According to the nature of nature, human beings everywhere and at any time and always live together, live in groups, at least, lack of life together consists of two people That Husband and wife or mother and baby.<br />In the history of human development there is no one who lives alone, apart from any other human groups, except in cases of forced and that too only for the time being. Live alone apart from human interaction in society, is only possible in the realm of mere Dongen, because since time immemorial in man there is a desire to gather with others in a group (the desire for community).<br />Aristotle, an expert on ancient Greek thought That man is a “zoon Politicon” That means as meaning human beings That Are Basically Mingle and always wants to hang out with other fellow human beings, so the Creatures WHO prefer a society. Because of its Sociable with Each other, then the man Known as social beings. As individual human beings Can not achieve anything they want want with ease, eg: new farmer cans work on his land after he Received farming tools made by blacksmiths.<br />Clothing even wore the tailor’s work.<br />The desire to live together has changed from innate in Humans, is a necessity to establish physically for life. Human unity arising from the Same nature was commonly Known as the community. So there are communities that are formed when two or more persons living together, so in this life arise association or affinity relationships that resulted in that the other one and know one another and influence affect.<br />Own purposes in humans is often unidirectional and correspond with each other so that with the cooperation of human purpose to fulfill the purposes that would be easier achieved, however, sometimes those interests are also different and even contradictory, it can cause conflicts which disturb the harmony live together.<br />In terms of <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">physical strength</strong> / physical, human beings are categorized as weak. Therefore, human beings alone is difficult to sustain its life. Human beings require the unity in formulating<strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">business</strong> and have a plan together to be able to defend themselves, their families and the group against threats. Every human being has its own purpose, that purpose is often unidirectional or correspond with each other so that by working together to meet the needs of human purpose that will be more easily and quickly achieved.<br />Consciously or not humans are influenced by the rules of living together in restraint of passions and regulate the relationship between human beings. Those rules which guide actions and deeds may be executed which ones should be avoided. So these regulations provide guidance to people how to behave and act in society.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etika-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam etika Fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">etika Fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/business/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">business</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/man-in-physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Man In Physiotherapy</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/physical-strength/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">physical strength</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Physiotherapy</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-62" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/11/hukum-dalam-fisioterapi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Law In Physiotherapy</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Januari 11, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/11/hukum-dalam-fisioterapi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Law In Physiotherapy" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">If we’re talking about <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">law</strong> in general is meant is the whole set of rules in a life together, the overall regulation of behavior in a common life, which can be imposed with a sanction their implementation.<br />Law governing the relationship of law. It consists of the legal relationship ties between individuals and society and between individuals themselves. Ties were reflected in the rights and obligations. In an attempt to regulate, adjust the laws of individual interests with the interests of society as well as possible. Trying to find a balance Between giving freedom to the individual and Protecting society against individual freedom. That given society is composed of individuals That causes the interaction, it always will from complete Happens Between tension or individual interests with community interests. Law tried to accommodate this tension best or complete.<br />Law as a set of rules or principles have a general nature and content of normative, Because it applies to normative Generally Because everyone and should determine what to do, what to do or Should not do and determine how to implement compliance rules.<br />In its function as the protection of human interest laws has the objective of creating an orderly society, creating order and balance. It is expected that human interests will be protected. In achieving that objective legal duty to share rights and obligations between individuals within the community to share the authority and set the way of solving legal problems and to maintain legal certainty.<br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">By looking at the material above, then can we distinguish between law and morals, namely:</em></strong><br />1. More codified law than on morality, meaning and written more or less systematically compiled in the book of laws so that legal norms have greater certainty and be more objective.<br />2. Both legally and morally regulate human behavior, but the legal limit Ourselves to the Outward behavior only, while the moral Also concerning one’s inner attitude.<br />3. Sanctions associated with different laws with sanctions related to morality. Legal sanctions for a large part can be imposed, but the norms of ethical / moral can not be enforced.<br />4. <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Law</strong> is based upon the will of society and ultimately the will of countries (not directly derived from the state), while morality is based on moral norms that exceed the individual and society. Democratic manner, or in other ways society can change laws, but never people can change / cancel a moral norm.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etika-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam etika Fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">etika Fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/law-in-physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Law In Physiotherapy</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/morally/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">morally</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-60" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/05/agama-dalam-fisioterapi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Religions in Physiotherapy</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Januari 5, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/05/agama-dalam-fisioterapi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Religions in Physiotherapy" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">God</strong> gave the seeds of <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">religious people</strong>. Human everywhere believe that there is power or authority over the man himself this is obvious, especially when a person involved in accidents or have difficulty feeling thankful.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">So they can have protection from Allah, then they hold <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">ceremonies</strong> at certain times and places. Held various teaching elements in the ceremony-the ceremony. How to worship something that is considered more powerful and noble is what we call<strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "> religion</strong>. Religious people are those who believe and hold on to something worshiped.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">The term religion has a specific scope and narrow sense. It is said that because <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">religion</strong> is a SUMMARY of any prophet / messenger, there his sacred books and Teachings are in any (universal) is common everywhere and his congregation Are from Various nationalities.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etika-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam etika Fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">etika Fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ceremonies/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">ceremonies</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Physiotherapy</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/religions/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Religions</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/religions-in-physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Religions in Physiotherapy</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/religious-people/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">religious people</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-56" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/04/normakaidah-dalam-fisioterapi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Norm / Rule In Physiotherapy</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Januari 4, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/04/normakaidah-dalam-fisioterapi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Norm / Rule In Physiotherapy" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/a.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="size-full wp-image-57 aligncenter" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/a.jpg?w=340&h=286" alt="" width="340" height="286" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; max-width: 600px; " /></a></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Norma</strong> comes from the term<strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "> “norm”</strong> which meant the guidelines or benchmarks for each person in the act of being kind to others or to himself. In Dutch language the term norm is also called <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">“mattregel”</strong> means the same church with the rules derived from the word “Aqidah”.<br />Required norms as guidelines to be follow to others eg politeness norms, legal norms, the norms of the discipline and so forth. Norma is a benchmark / guideline for action to be other people say <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">insubjektif norm</strong>.<br />Required norms as guidelines to be follow to yourself eg good habits and correct, both in thinking, willing and doing, sanitation norms of the body, clothing and so on governance norms. Norms that became a benchmark / guideline to be acts of self-reflective called norm.<br /><em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Norms that become guidelines or benchmarks for human beings in the act act according to its settings in the field of social life as well as each individual include:</strong></em><br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">1. Kaedah belief / religion</strong><br />Kaedah is addressed to the life of believers, dedicated to the human obligation to God and to himself. Kaedah sources are the teachings of religious belief or who by his followers regarded as God’s commands. Lord who threatens kaedah violations or religious belief with the sanctions. Kaedah this belief is not addressed to his birth, but to a man’s inner attitude. Expected from the man that he thought the attitude appropriate to the content of religious belief or kaedah. Kaedah only human burden with these obligations and not merely give the rights. Example:<br />a. Come not nigh to fornication, adultery is actually a heinous act and an evil way (Surah Al Isra ‘verse 32).<br />b. Do not kill, You shall not commit adultery (Exodus 20:14,14), etc.<br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Kaedah decency</strong><br />This Kaedah associated with human as an individual because it concerns the life of the human person. As a supporter akedah decency is the human conscience of individuals and not as social beings or as members of an organized society. This imbalance can complement Kaedah personal life and prevent anxiety yourself.<br />Kaedah morality is addressed to mankind in order to form good personal morals in order to improve human and human forbids doing evil. Murder, adultery, stealing and so forth are not only prohibited by the trust or keagaman kaedah alone but also perceived as contrary to kaedah decency in every human conscience. Kaedah kesusilan only burden the people with its obligations alone.<br />Kaedah origin or source of morality is the man himself, so are autonomous and are not addressed to the attitudes of birth, but is addressed to man’s inner attitudes as well. He thought himself threatened acts that violate decency kaedah with sanctions. There is no power outside of himself that it was imposing sanctions. If there is a violation kaedah obscenity, Mis: theft or fraud, then it will emerge in the conscience of the offender a sense of regret, shame, fear, feeling guilty as a sanction or a reaction to these violations kesusilan kaedah.<br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">3. Kaedah manners (etiquette / customs)</strong><br />Kaedah manners are based on customs, compliance, or decency prevailing in the society. This rule is intended to perpetrators who were born konkrik attitude for improvement or public order and aimed at creating peace, order, or make a “bad” traffic between people who are outwardly. More mementinkan courtesy of birth or formal: relationships, clothes, language and others. Touches not merely as individuals but as social beings, so touching a life together.<br />Kaedah polite human burden with obligations only. The power of community is not paying that threatened with sanctions if it violated kaedah manners. Which we are forced to powers outside of us (Heteronom). These sanctions may include reprimand, ridicule, scorn, ostracism etc. Oleg was not done in an organized society but by everyone who wants a separate sanction. Local enactment of this courtesy kaedah narrow, limited local or personal. Manners are not the same sector in a region with other areas. Different levels of society different manners.<br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">4. Legal Kaedah</strong><br />Kaedah further protect the legal interests of people who have got protection from the three other kaedah and protect the interests of people who have not received protection from the three kaedah earlier.<br />Kaedah law aimed mainly to the perpetrators of concrete, not to perfect human, but to order society in order not to fall victim of a crime, to prevent crime. The contents of this law kaedah addressed to the attitude of human birth, giving priority to act is born.<br />Kaedah law from outside the man which impose on us (heteronom). Of society formally given the power to impose sanctions or punishments. In this case pengadilanlah as the institution representing community punishments.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etika-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam etika Fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">etika Fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/benchmarks/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">benchmarks</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/guidelines/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">guidelines</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/insubjektif-norm/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">insubjektif norm</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kaedah-belief/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kaedah belief</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kaedah-decency/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kaedah decency</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/kaedah-manners/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Kaedah manners</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/legal-kaedah/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Legal Kaedah</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/legal-norms/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">legal norms</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/norm/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Norm</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/norm-rule-in-physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Norm / Rule In Physiotherapy</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Physiotherapy</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/politeness-norms/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">politeness norms</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/rule-in-physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Rule In Physiotherapy</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-53" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/03/moral-dalam-fisioterapi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Moral In Physiotherapy</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Januari 3, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/03/moral-dalam-fisioterapi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Moral In Physiotherapy" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; "><a href="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/s5034533.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; "><img class="size-full wp-image-54 aligncenter" src="http://evantherapy.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/s5034533.jpg?w=455&h=341" alt="" width="455" height="341" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; max-width: 600px; " /></a></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Moral</strong> word always refers to humans as human merits. So it’s not about the merits for granted, such as lecturers, students but as human physiotherapists. <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Moral</strong> field is the field of human life in terms of kebaikanya as human beings. Moral norms is the benchmark for determining the correct wrong attitudes and actions of human beings in terms of a good or bad as a human and not as perpetrators of a specific and limited role.<br />Moral norms are the yardsticks used to measure the good of society then someone with the moral norms we are really in value, we are not viewed from one aspect, but as a human. Moral field is the field of morals is the field of human life in terms of human kindness. <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Moral</strong> norms is the benchmark for determining the correct wrong attitudes and actions of human beings in terms of the merits as a human.</p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etika-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam etika Fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">etika Fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/moral/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Moral</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/moral-in-physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Moral In Physiotherapy</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Physiotherapy</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-51" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/02/etika-dan-etiket-dalam-fisioterapi/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Ethics and Etiquette of Physiotherapy</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Januari 2, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/02/etika-dan-etiket-dalam-fisioterapi/#respond" title="Komentar pada Ethics and Etiquette of Physiotherapy" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Equation ethics and etiquette are:</strong><br />1. <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Ethics</strong> and etiquette concerning human behavior<br />2. Normatively regulate human behavior<br /><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Differences in ethics and etiquette:</strong><br />1. Etiquette regarding how to do an act of man, or to show the proper way. <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Ethics</strong> is not limited to how to do but give norms about what the act itself an act may be yes or no.<br />2.<strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "> Etiquette</strong> is only valid in the association, while ethics is not always true depending on whether or not people attend. <a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/02/etika-dan-etiket-dalam-fisioterapi/#more-51" class="more-link" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; font-size: 11px; ">Baca selanjutnya…</a></p></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "><span class="categories" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 6px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -480px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Categories:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etika-fisioterapi/" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam etika Fisioterapi" rel="category tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">etika Fisioterapi</a></span><span class="tags" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 6px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; text-indent: -999em; float: left; background-position: 0px -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tag:</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; "><a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ethics/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Ethics</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ethics-and-etiquette/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Ethics and Etiquette</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/ethics-and-etiquette-of-physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Ethics and Etiquette of Physiotherapy</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/etiquette/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Etiquette</a>, <a href="http://id.wordpress.com/tag/physiotherapy/" rel="tag" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Physiotherapy</a></span></div></div><div class="post" id="post-48" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/01/kegunaan-etika/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Usefulness Ethics in Physiotherapy</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Januari 1, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/01/01/kegunaan-etika/#respond" title="Komentar pada Usefulness Ethics in Physiotherapy" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">Tinggalkan komentar</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">There are four reasons why the ethics in this age is required, namely:</strong><br />1. We live in an increasingly pluralistic society is also in the field of morality, every day we meet people from the tribes, regions, different religions. Normative order of unity no longer exists, we are faced with many moral views that often contradict each other and they all claim to us, which one should we follow?.<br />2. We live in a period of transformation of society is without equal, a change took place under the blow of force on all aspects of our lives is the wave of modernization. In this situation ethic would help so that we do not lose orientation, can distinguish between what is essential and what should be changed and thus remain able to take the attitudes that we be held accountable slide.</p></div></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-28957519131888484112010-05-29T03:47:00.000-07:002010-05-29T03:48:12.717-07:00EMOSI<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/emosi-itu-penting/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Emosi Itu Penting ..!!!!</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 26, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/emosi-itu-penting/#comments" title="Komentar pada Emosi Itu Penting..!!!!" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">1 tanggapan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Emosi adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk keadaan mental dan fisiologi yang berkaitan dengan pelbagai perasaan, pikiran, dan perilaku. Emosi adalah pengalaman yang bersifat subjektif, atau dialami berdasarkan sudut pandang individu. Emosi berkaitan dengan konsep psikologi lain seperti suasana hati, temperamen, kepribadian, dan disposisi. <br />Secara umumnya emosi penting untuk manusia kerana ia dapat membantu dan mempermudahkan manusia dalam kehidupan di dunia ini. Antaranya:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kelangsungan hidup </strong>- Emosi merupakan anugerah Allah sebagai sistem kawalan dalaman yang menyelamatkan kita dari bahaya. Contohnya, apabila berjumpa harimau kita akan menunjukkan emosi takut dan dengan itu kita akan memikirkan cara untuk menyelamatkan diri.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Membuat keputusan </strong>- Emosi juga boleh menolong kita membuat keputusan kerana ia merupakan sumber maklumat yang penting. Kajian menunjukkan jika perhubungan emosi seseorang di dalam otak telah rosak, dia tidak boleh membuat keputusan walaupun keputusan yang mudah. Ini kerana dia tidak tahu perasaannya terhadap pilihan yang telah dibuat.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Menentukan sempadan dalam perhubungan </strong>- Apabila kita merasa tidak tenteram dengan tingkah laku seseorang emosi akan menyedarkan kita. Dengan itu kita akan menunjukkan perassan tidak suka dan boleh menolong menentukan sempadan di sebelah menghadkan perhubungan agar fizikal dan mental sentiasa terjaga.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Komunikasi </strong>- Emosi juga boleh membantu kita berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Ekpresi muka kita dapat menunjukkan pelbagai jenis emosi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kegembiraan </strong>- Apabila gembira kita akan berasa tenang. Jika kita dapat mengenal pasti emosi dengan lebih baik maka lebih mudah bagi kita untuk menentukan apa yang perlu untuk merasa gembira.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Kesatuan </strong>- Emosi adalah universal. Emosi seperti simpati, kasihan, memaafkan dan bekerjasama dapat membantu menyatukan manusia.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">o <strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Mengurus emosi negatif </strong>- Untuk memperolehi emosi yang sihat kita perlu mengurus emosi yang negatif. Langkah pertama mengenal pasti emosi yang dirasai dan tanyakan diri kita adakah perasaan itu baik atau tidak. Seterusnya tanyakan bagaimana menjadikan perasaan itu lebih baik. Ini akan menolong pemikiran kita ke arah yang lebih positif.</p></div></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8283416072015036494.post-51665614441301256302010-05-29T03:46:00.002-07:002010-05-29T03:47:37.160-07:00ELEKTROLIT<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 5px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.05em; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans'; font-size: 16px; display: block; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; "><a class="title" href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/elektrolit/" rel="bookmark" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); text-decoration: none; ">Elektrolit</a></h2><div class="info" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="date" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px -48px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Mac 19, 2010</span><span class="author" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: left; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/author/evanjhie/" title="Tulisan oleh evanjhie" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">evanjhie</a></span><span class="comments" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 22px; background-image: url(http://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/inove/img/icons.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; display: block; font-size: 11px; float: right; background-position: 0px -96px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><a href="http://evantherapy.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/elektrolit/#comments" title="Komentar pada Elektrolit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(41, 112, 166); text-decoration: none; ">2 ulasan - ulasan</a></span><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 17px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div class="snap_preview" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Elektrolit adalah suatu zat yang larut atau terurai ke dalam bentuk ion-ion dan selanjutnya larutan menjadi pengalir elektrik, ion-ion merupakan atom-atom bermuatan elektrik. Elektrolit boleh berupa air, asam, basa atau berupa sebatian kimia lain. Elektrolit umumnya berbentuk asam, basa atau garam. Beberapa gas tertentu dapat berfungsi sebagai elektrolit dalam keadaan tertentu contohnya pada suhu tinggi atau tekanan rendah. Elektrolit kuat identik dengan asid, bes, dan garam kuat. Elektrolit merupakan sebatian yang terikat ion dan kovalen polar. Sebahagian besar sebatian yang terikat ion merupakan elektrolit sebagai contoh ikatan ion NaCl yang merupakan salah satu jenis garam iaitu garam dapur. NaCl dapat menjadi elektrolit dalm bentuk larutan dan lelehan. atau bentuk liquid dan akueus. sedangkan dalam bentuk solid atau pepejal sebatian ion tidak dapat berfungsi sebagai elektrolit. <br />Larutan merupakan fasa yang setiap hari ada disekitar kita. Suatu sistem homogen yang mengandungi dua atau lebih zat yang masing-masing komponennya tidak boleh dibezakan secara fizikal disebut larutan, sedangkan suatu sistem yang heterogen disebut campuran. Biasanya istilah larutan dianggap sebagai cecair yang mengandungi zat terlarut, misalnya pepejal atau gas dengan kata lain larutan tidak hanya terbatas pada cecair sahaja.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: justify; ">Komponen dari larutan terdiri daripada dua jenis, pelarut dan zat terlarut, yang dapat dipertukarkan bergantung jumlahnya. Pelarut merupakan komponen yang utama yang terdapat dalam jumlah yang banyak, sedangkan komponen minornya merupakan zat terlarut. Larutan terbentuk melalui pencampuran dua atau lebih zat murni yang molekulnya berinteraksi langsung dalam keadaan tercampur. Semua gas bersifat boleh bercampur dengan orang ramai, kerana itu campuran gas merupakan larutan. Proses pelarutan boleh diilustrasikan seperti gambar di atas.</p><div><br /></div></div><div class="fixed" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: both; "></div></div><div class="under" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 16px; font-size: 11px; clear: both; "></div></span>ann8110http://www.blogger.com/profile/05221054552302310959noreply@blogger.com0